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Christopher K. Butler,Jessica L. Jones 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2016 International Area Studies Review Vol.19 No.3
Are levels of sexual violence committed by government security forces in a country prior to conflict predictive of levels of sexual violence in that country during conflict? Most of the scholarship on sexual violence focuses on the phenomenon during armed conflict, and in general the assumption made by these scholars is that conflict exacerbates the sexual violence problem. Cross-sectional analysis appears to support this assertion; however, we argue that the comparison group used by cross-sectional analyses is inappropriate for answering the question of whether conflict impacts the amount of sexual violence in a country. Instead, we propose that the appropriate comparison is between peacetime levels of sexual violence and conflict levels of sexual violence for the same country. To test this relationship, we employ data on sexual violence committed by government security forces in a sample of 170 countries for the time period 1999–2011, using a measure similar to that from Butler, Gluch, and Mitchell. Then, we use a variety of descriptive and inferential statistical tests to examine the relationship between conflict from the UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset and the level of sexual violence in a country. We find that for cases with variation in conflict across our time period, pre-conflict levels of sexual violence are predictive of conflict levels but, contrary to the common assumption, the prediction is no change in the level of sexual violence for most cases.
An Analytic Study of Channeled substrate planar Phased Arrays
Butler,J.K.,Oh, Hwan Sool 건국대학교 부설 산업기술연구소 1986 논문집 Vol.11 No.-
CSP 레이저들의 線形 어레이들의 모우드에 대한 발진 波長과 利得特性을 나타내었다. 어레이 모우드들의 利得값들은 배열이 인접한 요소들의 場을 이용하여 계산된 복소 결합 계수들로 결정된다. 계산결과는 거의 실수값인 場을 가지는 index guided lasers에 대하여 最高次 어레이 모우드가 쉽게 발진함을 보았다. Far field radiation pattern에서, 단지 하나의 단일 로브빔만으로 이루어지는 基本 모우드는 모든 배열 모우드들 중 가장 낮은 모우드 利得을 가진다. 最高次 모우드와 基本 모우드들 사이에서 ??보다 적은 모우드 利得差를 가지며 이것은 약 20%의 光拘束因子에 대해서, 利得差는 근사적으로 ??의 활성층 利得에 해당한다. The lasing wavelengths and gain characteristics of the modes of linear arrays of channel-substrate-planar (CSP) lasers are presented. The gain values of array modes are determined from the complex coupling coefficients calculated using the fields of neighboring elements of the array. The computations show that for index guided lasers which have fields that are almost real valued, or have only slight phase curvature, the highest order array mode will have preferred oscillation. The inphase or fundamental mode which produces only one major lobe in the far-field radiation, will have the lowest modal gain of all array modes. Some of the devices discussed have modal gain differences, between the highest and fundamental modes, of less than ??. For optical field confinement factors of about 20%, this gain difference corresponds to active layer gains of approximately ??.
Ferroelectric materials for solar energy conversion: photoferroics revisited
Butler, Keith T.,Frost, Jarvist M.,Walsh, Aron The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Vol.8 No.3
<P>The application of ferroelectric materials (<I>i.e.</I> solids that exhibit spontaneous electric polarisation) in solar cells has a long and controversial history. This includes the first observations of the anomalous photovoltaic effect (APE) and the bulk photovoltaic effect (BPE). The recent successful application of inorganic and hybrid perovskite structured materials (<I>e.g.</I> BiFeO<SUB>3</SUB>, CsSnI<SUB>3</SUB>, CH<SUB>3</SUB>NH<SUB>3</SUB>PbI<SUB>3</SUB>) in solar cells emphasises that polar semiconductors can be used in conventional photovoltaic architectures. We review developments in this field, with a particular emphasis on the materials known to display the APE/BPE (<I>e.g.</I> ZnS, CdTe, SbSI), and the theoretical explanation. Critical analysis is complemented with first-principles calculation of the underlying electronic structure. In addition to discussing the implications of a ferroelectric absorber layer, and the solid state theory of polarisation (Berry phase analysis), design principles and opportunities for high-efficiency ferroelectric photovoltaics are presented.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Ferroelectric materials offer opportunities for unconventional solar energy conversion. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c4ee03523b'> </P>
Butler, Daniel P,Leckenby, Jo I,Miranda, Ben H,Grobbelaar, Adriaan O Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surge 2015 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.42 No.6
Background Botulinum toxin (BT) chemodenervation and anterior belly of digastric muscle (ABD) transfer are both treatment options in the management of an isolated marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve (MMB) palsy. We compare the patient satisfaction following either BT injections or ABD transfer in the management of their isolated MMB palsy. Methods Patients in the ABD-arm of the study were identified retrospectively from September 2007 to July 2014. The patients in the BT-arm of the study were identified prospectively from those attending the clinic. Both groups of patients completed a validated patient satisfaction survey. Statistical analysis was performed and a P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Seven patients were in the ABD-arm and 11 patients in the BT-arm of the study. The patient satisfaction in both groups was high with 45% of ABD-arm patients and 40% of BT-arm patients rating their overall outcome as 'better' or 'much better', which was significantly more than the proportion rating their outcome as 'worse' or 'much worse' (P<0.001), although there was a significant trend towards those in the ABD-arm being more likely to be dissatisfied with their outcome (P=0.01). Conclusions BT therapy is a good first-line intervention in the management of isolated MMB palsy. We have, however, shown that the overall satisfaction in both groups is high. Therefore, in patients who would prefer a more permanent solution to manage their facial asymmetry, ABD transfer remains a satisfactory treatment option with a good level of patient satisfaction.
An Implementation of Spectrum Usage Rights for Liberalization of the Radio Spectrum
Butler Joe M.,Webb William T. The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation 2006 Journal of communications and networks Vol.8 No.2
This paper presents one possible approach for liberalization of the radio spectrum based around spectrum usage rights (SURs) which are technology and usage neutral. This is challenging technically because of the complexity of defining rights which are flexible and technology-neutral while retaining sufficient safeguards against interference. The work presented here is part of an ongoing process of defining and testing SURs. Of com is currently considering SURs, though is not committed to implementing them at this stage, and will issue further discussion documents on this area in due course.
BUTLER, GEORGE B.,DO, CHOON H.,ZERNER, MICHAEL C. 순천대학교 기초과학연구소 1990 基礎科學硏究誌 Vol.1 No.-
The stereochemistry of alternating copolymers of styrene (ST) with maleic anhydride (MA) was examined by ^13C-NMR spectroscopy, and the stabilization energies and the most stable geometries of complexes and adducts between ST and MA were calculated by the PVCILO program and by INDO/1. The methine and carbonyl atoms of the MA portion and the quaternary carbon atom of the ST portion reveal defferent stereochemistries due to various polymerization conditions, suggesting that the donor-acceptor complex may participate in the copolymerization. The complex postulated according to the Diels-Alder geometry was more stable than that according to [2+2] cycloaddition geometry. It is believed that the stabilization energy is so great that the copolymerization occurs spontaneously via forming a donor-acceptor complex and adducts. The geometries of 1:1 adducts formed by endo and exo approaches in the Diels-Alder geometry mode were also calculated.