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Wei Chun Wang,Bodil Rasmussen,Anthony Lin Zhang,Li-Wei Lin,Trisha Dunning,강승완,Byung-Joo Park,Sing Kai Lo 사단법인약침학회 2009 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.2 No.3
Objective: This systematic review aimed to critically appraise published clinical trials designed to assess the effect of Tai Chi on psychosocial well-being. Data Sources: Databases searched included MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, HEALT, PsycINFO, CISCOM, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials of the Cochrane Library, and dissertations and conference proceedings from inception to August 2008. Review Methods: Methodological quality was assessed using a modified Jadad scale. A total of 15 studies met the inclusion criteria (i.e. English publications of randomized controlled trials with Tai Chi as an intervention and psychological well-being as an outcome measure), of which eight were high quality trials. The psychosocial outcomes measured included anxiety (eight studies), depression (eight studies), mood (four studies), stress (two studies), general mental health three studies), anger, positive and negative effect, self-esteem, life satisfaction, social interaction and self-rated health (one study each). Results: Tai Chi intervention was found to have a significant effect in 13 studies, especially in the management of depression and anxiety. Although the results seemed to suggest Tai Chi is effective, they should be interpreted cautiously as the quality of the trials varied substantially. Furthermore, significant findings were shown in only six high quality studies. Moreover, significant between group differences after Tai Chi intervention was demonstrated in only one high quality study (the other three significant results were observed in non-high quality studies). Two high quality studies in fact found no significant Tai Chi effects. Conclusion: It is still premature to make any conclusive remarks on the effect of Tai Chi on psychosocial well-being. Objective: This systematic review aimed to critically appraise published clinical trials designed to assess the effect of Tai Chi on psychosocial well-being. Data Sources: Databases searched included MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, HEALT, PsycINFO, CISCOM, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials of the Cochrane Library, and dissertations and conference proceedings from inception to August 2008. Review Methods: Methodological quality was assessed using a modified Jadad scale. A total of 15 studies met the inclusion criteria (i.e. English publications of randomized controlled trials with Tai Chi as an intervention and psychological well-being as an outcome measure), of which eight were high quality trials. The psychosocial outcomes measured included anxiety (eight studies), depression (eight studies), mood (four studies), stress (two studies), general mental health three studies), anger, positive and negative effect, self-esteem, life satisfaction, social interaction and self-rated health (one study each). Results: Tai Chi intervention was found to have a significant effect in 13 studies, especially in the management of depression and anxiety. Although the results seemed to suggest Tai Chi is effective, they should be interpreted cautiously as the quality of the trials varied substantially. Furthermore, significant findings were shown in only six high quality studies. Moreover, significant between group differences after Tai Chi intervention was demonstrated in only one high quality study (the other three significant results were observed in non-high quality studies). Two high quality studies in fact found no significant Tai Chi effects. Conclusion: It is still premature to make any conclusive remarks on the effect of Tai Chi on psychosocial well-being.
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Structures of ionic liquid–water mixtures investigated by IR and NMR spectroscopy
Cha, Seoncheol,Ao, Mingqi,Sung, Woongmo,Moon, Bongjin,Ahlströ,m, Bodil,Johansson, Patrik,Ouchi, Yukio,Kim, Doseok The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Physical chemistry chemical physics Vol.16 No.20
<P>Imidazolium-based ionic liquids having different anions 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([BMIM]X: X = Cl<SUP>−</SUP>, Br<SUP>−</SUP>, I<SUP>−</SUP>, and BF<SUB>4</SUB><SUP>−</SUP>) and their aqueous mixtures were investigated by IR absorption and proton NMR spectroscopy. The IR spectra of these ionic liquids in the CH<SUB><I>x</I></SUB> stretching region differed substantially, especially for C–H bonds in the imidazolium ring, and the NMR chemical shifts of protons in the imidazolium ring also varied markedly for ILs having different anions. Upon the introduction of water to screen the electrostatic forces and separate the ions, both IR and NMR spectra of [BMIM]X (X = Cl<SUP>−</SUP>, Br<SUP>−</SUP>, I<SUP>−</SUP>) showed significant changes, while those of [BMIM]BF<SUB>4</SUB> did not change appreciably. H–D isotopic exchange rates of C(2)–H in [BMIM]X–D<SUB>2</SUB>O mixtures exhibited an order: C(2)–H⋯Cl > C(2)–H⋯Br > C(2)–H⋯I, while the C(2)–H of [BMIM]BF<SUB>4</SUB> was not deuterated at all. These experimental findings, supported by DFT calculations, lead to the microscopic bulk configurations in which the anions and the protons of the cations in the halide ionic liquids have specific, hydrogen-bond type of interaction, while the BF<SUB>4</SUB><SUP>−</SUP> anion does not participate in the specific interaction, but interacts less specifically by positioning itself more above the ring plane of the imidazolium cation. This structural change dictated by the anion type will work as a key element to build the structure–property relationship of ionic liquids.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Imidazolium-based ionic liquids having different anions 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([BMIM]X: X = Cl<SUP>−</SUP>, Br<SUP>−</SUP>, I<SUP>−</SUP>, and BF<SUB>4</SUB><SUP>−</SUP>) and their aqueous mixtures were investigated by IR absorption and proton NMR spectroscopy. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c4cp00589a'> </P>
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