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Han, D.,Walsh, Matthew C.,Cejas, Pedro J.,Dang, Nicholas N.,Kim, Youngmi F.,Kim, J.,Charrier-Hisamuddin, L.,Chau, L.,Zhang, Q.,Bittinger, K.,Bushman, Frederic D.,Turka, Laurence A.,Shen, H.,Reizis, B. Cell Press 2013 Immunity Vol.38 No.6
The intracellular signaling molecule TRAF6 is critical for Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated activation of dendritic cells (DCs). We now report that DC-specific deletion of TRAF6 (TRAF6ΔDC) resulted, unexpectedly, in loss of mucosal tolerance, characterized by spontaneous development of T helper 2 (Th2) cells in the lamina propria and eosinophilic enteritis and fibrosis in the small intestine. Loss of tolerance required the presence of gut commensal microbiota but was independent of DC-expressed MyD88. Further, TRAF6ΔDC mice exhibited decreased regulatory T (Treg) cell numbers in the small intestine and diminished induction of iTreg cells in response to model antigen. Evidence suggested that this defect was associated with diminished DC expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Finally, we demonstrate that aberrant Th2 cell-associated responses in TRAF6ΔDC mice could be mitigated via restoration of Treg cell activity. Collectively, our findings reveal a role for TRAF6 in directing DC maintenance of intestinal immune tolerance through balanced induction of Treg versus Th2 cell immunity.
Gary T. Babic,William H.Bitting 한국자동차공학회 1998 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.1998 No.11_1
A wide range of commercial gasoline detergent additives is available today that can provide varying levels of deposit control and removal. This presentation will review the history of gasoline deposit additives, and emphasize the benefits of additives that can remove combustion chamber deposits. These additives will be described using the "Generations" system to define the different levels of gasoline detergent performance.