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- 저자 : Billmyre, R. Blake (검색결과 2 건)
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Gastrointestinal microbiota alteration induced by Mucor circinelloides in a murine model
Katherine D. Mueller,Hao Zhang,Christian R. Serrano,R. Blake Billmyre,Eun Young Huh,Philipp Wiemann,Nancy P. Keller,Yufeng Wang,Joseph Heitman,Soo Chan Lee 한국미생물학회 2019 The journal of microbiology Vol.57 No.6
Mucor circinelloides is a pathogenic fungus and etiologic agent of mucormycosis. In 2013, cases of gastrointestinal illness after yogurt consumption were reported to the US FDA, and the producer found that its products were contaminated with Mucor. A previous study found that the Mucor strain isolated from an open contaminated yogurt exhibited virulence in a murine systemic infection model and showed that this strain is capable of surviving passage through the gastrointestinal tract of mice. In this study, we isolated another Mucor strain from an unopened yogurt that is closely related but distinct from the first Mucor strain and subsequently examined if Mucor alters the gut microbiota in a murine host model. DNA extracted from a ten-day course of stool samples was used to analyze the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tracts of mice exposed via ingestion of Mucor spores. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal ITS1 sequences obtained were used to identify taxa of each kingdom. Linear regressions revealed that there are changes in bacterial and fungal abundance in the gastrointestinal tracts of mice which ingested Mucor. Furthermore, we found an increased abundance of the bacterial genus Bacteroides and a decreased abundance of the bacteria Akkermansia muciniphila in the gastrointestinal tracts of exposed mice. Measurements of abundances show shifts in relative levels of multiple bacterial and fungal taxa between mouse groups. These findings suggest that exposure of the gastrointestinal tract to Mucor can alter the microbiota and, more importantly, illustrate an interaction between the intestinal mycobiota and bacteriota. In addition, Mucor was able to induce increased permeability in epithelial cell monolayers in vitro, which might be indicative of unstable intestinal barriers. Understanding how the gut microbiota is shaped is important to understand the basis of potential methods of treatment for gastrointestinal illness. How the gut microbiota changes in response to exposure, even by pathogens not considered to be causative agents of food-borne illness, may be important to how commercial food producers prevent and respond to contamination of products aimed at the public. This study provides evidence that the fungal microbiota, though understudied, may play an important role in diseases of the human gut.
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Janbon, Guilhem,Ormerod, Kate L.,Paulet, Damien,Byrnes III, Edmond J.,Yadav, Vikas,Chatterjee, Gautam,Mullapudi, Nandita,Hon, Chung-Chau,Billmyre, R. Blake,Brunel, Franç,ois,Bahn, Yong-Sun,Chen, Public Library of Science 2014 PLoS genetics Vol.10 No.4
<▼1><P><I>Cryptococcus neoformans</I> is a pathogenic basidiomycetous yeast responsible for more than 600,000 deaths each year. It occurs as two serotypes (A and D) representing two varieties (i.e. <I>grubii</I> and <I>neoformans</I>, respectively). Here, we sequenced the genome and performed an RNA-Seq-based analysis of the <I>C. neoformans</I> var. <I>grubii</I> transcriptome structure. We determined the chromosomal locations, analyzed the sequence/structural features of the centromeres, and identified origins of replication. The genome was annotated based on automated and manual curation. More than 40,000 introns populating more than 99% of the expressed genes were identified. Although most of these introns are located in the coding DNA sequences (CDS), over 2,000 introns in the untranslated regions (UTRs) were also identified. Poly(A)-containing reads were employed to locate the polyadenylation sites of more than 80% of the genes. Examination of the sequences around these sites revealed a new poly(A)-site-associated motif (AUGHAH). In addition, 1,197 miscRNAs were identified. These miscRNAs can be spliced and/or polyadenylated, but do not appear to have obvious coding capacities. Finally, this genome sequence enabled a comparative analysis of strain H99 variants obtained after laboratory passage. The spectrum of mutations identified provides insights into the genetics underlying the micro-evolution of a laboratory strain, and identifies mutations involved in stress responses, mating efficiency, and virulence.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P><I>Cryptococcus neoformans</I> var. <I>grubii</I> is a major human pathogen responsible for deadly meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised patients. Here, we report the sequencing and annotation of its genome. Evidence for extensive intron splicing, antisense transcription, non-coding RNAs, and alternative polyadenylation indicates the potential for highly intricate regulation of gene expression in this opportunistic pathogen. In addition, detailed molecular, genetic, and genomic studies were performed to characterize structural features of the genome, including centromeres and origins of replication. Finally, the phenotypic and genome re-sequencing analysis of a collection of isolates of the reference H99 strain resulting from laboratory passage revealed that microevolutionary processes during <I>in vitro</I> culturing of pathogenic fungi can impact virulence.</P></▼2>
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