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Michalak, Anna M.,Anderson, Eric J.,Beletsky, Dmitry,Boland, Steven,Bosch, Nathan S.,Bridgeman, Thomas B.,Chaffin, Justin D.,Cho, Kyunghwa,Confesor, Rem,Daloğ,lu, Irem,DePinto, Joseph V.,Evans, M National Academy of Sciences 2013 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.110 No.16
<P>In 2011, Lake Erie experienced the largest harmful algal bloom in its recorded history, with a peak intensity over three times greater than any previously observed bloom. Here we show that long-term trends in agricultural practices are consistent with increasing phosphorus loading to the western basin of the lake, and that these trends, coupled with meteorological conditions in spring 2011, produced record-breaking nutrient loads. An extended period of weak lake circulation then led to abnormally long residence times that incubated the bloom, and warm and quiescent conditions after bloom onset allowed algae to remain near the top of the water column and prevented flushing of nutrients from the system. We further find that all of these factors are consistent with expected future conditions. If a scientifically guided management plan to mitigate these impacts is not implemented, we can therefore expect this bloom to be a harbinger of future blooms in Lake Erie.</P>
CaFe interstellar clouds<sup>★</sup>
Bondar, A.,Kozak, M.,Gnaciń,ski, P.,Galazutdinov, G. A.,Beletsky, Y.,Krełowski, J. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2007 MONTHLY NOTICES- ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY Vol.378 No.3
<P>ABSTRACT</P><P>A new kind of interstellar cloud is proposed. These are rare (just a few examples among ∼300 lines of sight) objects with the Ca <SMALL>I</SMALL> 4227-Å, Fe <SMALL>I</SMALL> 3720-Å and 3860-Å lines stronger than those of K <SMALL>I</SMALL> (near 7699 Å) and Na <SMALL>I</SMALL> (near 3302 Å). We propose the name ‘CaFe’ for these clouds. Apparently they occupy different volumes from the well-known interstellar H <SMALL>I</SMALL> clouds where the K <SMALL>I</SMALL> and ultraviolet Na <SMALL>I</SMALL> lines are dominant features. In the CaFe clouds we have not found either detectable molecular features (CH, CN) or diffuse interstellar bands which, as commonly believed, are carried by some complex, organic molecules. We have found the CaFe clouds only along sightlines toward hot, luminous (and thus distant) objects with high rates of mass loss. In principle, the observed gas-phase interstellar abundances reflect the combined effects of the nucleosynthetic history of the material, the depletion of heavy elements into dust grains and the ionization state of these elements which may depend on irradiation by neighbouring stars.</P>