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Cyber threats: taxonomy, impact, policies, and way forward
Annas W. Malik,Adnan Abid,Shoaib Farooq,Irfan Abid,Naeem A. Nawaz,Kashif Ishaq 한국인터넷정보학회 2022 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.16 No.7
The continuous evolution and proliferation of computer technology and our increasing dependence on computer technology have created a new class of threats: "cyber threats." These threats can be defined as activities that can undermine a society's ability to maintain internal or external order while using information technology. Cyber threats can be mainly divided into two categories, namely cyber-terrorism and cyber-warfare. A variety of malware programs are often used as a primary weapon in these cyber threats. A significant amount of research work has been published covering different aspects of cyber threats, their countermeasures, and the policy-making for cyber laws. This article aims to review the research conducted in various important aspects of cyber threats and provides synthesized information regarding the fundamentals of cyber threats; discusses the countermeasures for such threats; provides relevant details of high-profile cyber-attacks; discusses the developments in global policy-making for cyber laws, and lastly presents promising future directions in this area.
Law in Plato’s Political Thought
Julia Annas 韓國西洋古典學會 2012 西洋古典學硏究 Vol.47 No.-
In the Republic, Plato insists that the ideal city can be established only by people who have the requisite theoretical and practical knowledge; but it seems that such people can be produced only in the context of the ideal city, so Plato faces the problem that there seems no way of making the city practicable. In the Laws he solves this problem: laws come first, and people become virtuous, and so happy, by following them and also by understanding the way that the laws structure a good way of living. These laws can be established by people who, like the characters in the Laws, do not have philosophical knowledge, but can draw the right practical principles from experience.
The Effect of Bilateral Labor Agreements on Trade
Anna Maximova(Anna Maximova ),Mihai Paraschiv(Mihai Paraschiv ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 2022 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.37 No.4
The period following the end of World War II is marked by increased international cooperation aimed, among other things, at promoting economic integration. As part of these efforts, national governments adopted policies to remove/reduce barriers to the exchange of goods and services as well as the movement of capital and labor. Although the impact of international trade and investment treaties on trade has been extensively documented, little to no attention has been paid to the potential impact of bilateral labor agreements (BLAs) on commerce flows. This study uses a novel dataset of BLAs within a gravity framework and finds that, over 5 years following signature, BLAs have a positive and significant effect on aggregate exports and exports of differentiated goods (i.e., chemicals and miscellaneous manufactured goods).
The Role of Social Support, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation in the Exercise Behavior of Women
Anna M. Colangelo(Anna M. Colangelo ),Carol S. Weissbrod(Carol S. Weissbrod ) 사피엔시아 2019 Exercise Medicine Vol.3 No.-
Objectives: The purpose of the study was to explore factors related to exercise behavior (i.e., concrete physical social support, general social support, exercise social support, exercise self-efficacy and intrinsic/extrinsic motivation) to determine how these factors vary in relation to women’s exercise behavior. Further, the study examined how exercise social support, exercise self-efficacy and intrinsic/extrinsic motivation relate to the stability of exercise behavior over time. Methods: A community sample of 357 adult female participants, completed a baseline online survey. Participants were recruited online, by email, or by posters and were asked to participate in a study investigating women’s daily activities. After three months, a total of 243 participants completed a follow-up online survey (68% response rate). Results: At baseline, the study identified significant differences for all of the factors by stage of change except for concrete physical social support. Women reported differing levels of reliable alliance (p<.001), exercise social support (p<.001), exercise self-efficacy (p<.001), and extrinsic (p<.001) and intrinsic (p<.001) motivation by stage. When the factors were examined over a three month time frame, there were differences in reported exercise social support (p<.001), exercise self-efficacy(p<.001), and intrinsic(p<.001)/extrinsic (p<.001) motivation based on the stability of exercise behavior. Conclusions: Overall, the findings from the current study suggest that there are a number of factors that could encourage the initiation and maintenance of exercise behavior, including social support, motivation and self-efficacy. An interesting finding in the current study was that having an actual partner for exercise did not have a significant influence on women’s exercise behavior.
Caires, Taiara A.,Lyra, Goia de M.,Hentschke, Guilherme S.,da Silva, Aaron Matheus S.,de Araujo, Valter L.,Sant'Anna, Celia L.,Nunes, Jose Marcos de C. The Korean Society of Phycology 2018 ALGAE Vol.33 No.4
Lyngbya C. Agardh ex Gomont is a nonheterocytous cyanobacterial genus whose evolutionary history is still poorly known. The traditionally defined Lyngbya has been demonstrated to be polyphyletic, including at least five distinct clades, some of which have been proposed as new genera. Intraspecific diversity is also clearly underestimated in Lyngbya due to the lack of unique morphological characters to differentiate species. In this study, we describe the new genus Capillus T. A. Caires, C. L. Sant'Anna et J. M. C. Nunes from benthic marine environments, including two new Brazilian species (here described as C. salinus T. A. Caires, C. L. Sant'Anna et J. M. C. Nunes, and C. tropicalis T. A. Caires, C. L. Sant'Anna et J. M. C. Nunes), and two species yet to be described, one of them from India (Capillus sp. 2.1), and the other from United States of America, based on strain PCC 7419. Capillus species presented cross-wise diagonal fragmentation, assisted or not by necridic cells, which has not been previously mentioned for Lyngbya. Ultrastructural analyses showed that C. salinus and C. tropicalis have numerous gas vesicles, which are rarely described for benthic marine species. The new genus formed a well-supported clade, and the D1-D1' and Box B secondary structures of internal transcribed spacer also supported the proposal of its new species. These findings help to clarify the diversity of species in the Lyngbya complex and the taxonomy of the group, and highlight the need of further floristic surveys in tropical coastal environments, which remain poorly studied.
The Gaps in the System of Combating Human Trafficking in Poland on the Basis of the NGO La Strada
Anna Marta ROSINSKA 한국융합인문학회 2015 Asian-Pacific Journal of Social Quality Vol.2 No.1
This article aims to describe about filling the gaps in the system of combating human trafficking and forced labor in Poland on the basis of the NGO La Strada. This system has been built for many years. We can consider it as relatively effective at the operational level in aspects such as investigation and support for victims but it is far from sufficient at the general concept of prevention. Looking at institutional level, it is obvious that one of the law enforcement agencies existing in Poland, namely Border Guard, plays rather limited role in combating THB in comparison with its potentialities (the main actor is Police). The main causes of human trafficking in Europe, Asia or Africa are universal factors such as poverty, migration and globalization. Poland and Asian countries experienced Communism. For this reason I will try to present an example of identifying the victims of human trafficking.
“The Body of Christ” Figure and Its Functional Significance for Adventist Church Leadership
( Anna Galeniece ) 삼육대학교 선교와사회문제연구소 2016 Asia-Africa Journal of Mission and Ministry(AAMM) Vol.14 No.-
A biblical imagery of `the body of Christ` has been often used in connection to the church herself. This paper takes another view on the same imagery and discusses it in relation to the Adventist Church leadership. First of all, it lays the biblical foundation for this subject with the emphasis on the functional relationships of the leaders with Jesus and each other. Secondly, it presents the leaders` responsibilities and accountabilities on the horizontal and vertical levels. Thirdly, it describes the nature of authority in the church, giving some examples of different type of authorities partially adopted from Neil Cole. Then, it discloses the life of the church and her leaders in view of Christ`s second coming when such biblical teachings as righteousness, moral integrity, humility and love towards God and one`s neighbor become meaningful and essential. The final part of the paper presents concluding remarks with a call for radical transformation in the contemporary church leadership.
( Anna Ciok ),( Marcin Adamczuk ),( Dariusz Bartosik ),( Lukasz Dziewit ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2016 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.26 No.11
Pseudomonas strains isolated from the heavily contaminated Lubin copper mine and Zelazny Most post-flotation waste reservoir in Poland were screened for the presence of integrons. This analysis revealed that two strains carried homologous DNA regions composed of a gene encoding a DNA_BRE_C domain-containing tyrosine recombinase (with no significant sequence similarity to other integrases of integrons) plus a three-component array of putative integron gene cassettes. The predicted gene cassettes encode three putative polypeptides with homology to (i) transmembrane proteins, (ii) GCN5 family acetyltransferases, and (iii) hypothetical proteins of unknown function (homologous proteins are encoded by the gene cassettes of several class 1 integrons). Comparative sequence analyses identified three structural variants of these novel integron-like elements within the sequenced bacterial genomes. Analysis of their distribution revealed that they are found exclusively in strains of the genus Pseudomonas.