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동북아시아에서 중국의 재래식 저력 : From A Handicapped Dragon to A Crouching Tiger?
Yang, Andrew Nien-Dzu 한국전략문제연구소 2002 전략연구 Vol.9 No.1
Since 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has set the tone to develop its armed forces, the People's liberation Amy (PLA) with indigenous strategies and force modernization. Active defense and self-reliance in arms build up are two principles guiding PLA modernization in last 50 years. Before 1980, due to the industrial and economic backwardness and isolation to the outside world, self-reliance defense build up was undergoing difficult processes, and could only accomplish rudimentary conventional defense capability and very limited nuclear arsenals. This reality has enabled China to engage four boarder and territorial arms conflict with neighboring countries and a major war with the US and alliances in Korean Peninsula at a heavy price. The defense posture could barely provide china with home land defense in its continent, and its naval and air force could only be adjunct to its ground forces. Since 1980 China has shifted to open door and reform policies, and including defense modernization as part of its four modernization programmes. Not much effort being given to defense modernization in the 1980s as a result of lack of sufficient funding and resource allocation, inadequate military industrial infrastructure, and above all lack of ideas and conceptions in developing a modern army. China managed to shift its military strategic focus by replacing "fighting an earlier and nuclear war" with "military construction in peaceful period", and reducing 1.5 million people by early 1990. It was not until 1995 China began to leap from slow adjustment and transitional defense modernization to a more identified objective of fighting and wining a local war under hi-tech conditions. This new modernization objective was mainly affected by the lessons learned from Gulf War 1990-91 and concern over Taiwan's eventual independence. China clearly is aware of the need to improve the quality of its armed forces to confront stronger and better armed adversary in the future and the need to equip its armed forces with state-of-art advanced weapon systems to defend its national interests and territorial integrity. Chinese leadership has set the guidelines of building compact force, integration of operational capability, and developing highly efficient weapon systems to upgrade armed forces to fight a war under hi-tech conditions. Such policy and its implementation has given China sufficient access and opportunity to collaborate with western advanced countries, particularly Russia, in overhauling its military industrial research and development capability, acquiring advanced weapon system and technologies, and developing its state-of-art weapon systems. The new modernization approaches also gives China further streamlining its armed forces by setting up rapid reaction forces (RRF), improving its C41, enhancing off-shore operations and long range strike capabilities with the assistance of newly introduced advanced weapon systems. The concept and doctrines of fighting a local war under hi -tech conditions provide active defense strategy with more offensive approach and capability beyond China is land and sea boundary. Such capability also provides China with the means to exercise sea denial, sea control from sea waters in Northeast Asia to archipelagos in the South China Sea. China's off-shore operation and long range strike potential are not only having immediate impact over military balance in the Taiwan strait, but also reshaping security picture in Northeast Asia as witnessed by consolidation of US-Japan alliance and reorientation of US forward presence.
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