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Dagdeviren, Sezin,Jung, Dae Young,Lee, Eunjung,Friedline, Randall H.,Noh, Hye Lim,Kim, Jong Hun,Patel, Payal R.,Tsitsilianos, Nicholas,Tsitsilianos, Andrew V.,Tran, Duy A.,Tsougranis, George H.,Kearns American Society for Microbiology 2016 Molecular and cellular biology Vol.36 No.23
<P>Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is a major characteristic of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Although obesity-mediated inflammation is causally associated with insulin resistance, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we examined the effects of chronic obesity in mice with muscle-specific overexpression of interleukin-10 (M-IL10). After 16 weeks of a high-fat diet (HFD), M-IL10 mice became markedly obese but showed improved insulin action compared to that of wild-type mice, which was largely due to increased glucose metabolism and reduced inflammation in skeletal muscle. Since leptin regulates inflammation, the beneficial effects of interleukin-10 (IL-10) were further examined in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. Muscle-specific overexpression of IL-10 in ob/ob mice (MCK-IL10(ob/ob)) did not affect spontaneous obesity, but MCK-IL10(ob/ob) mice showed increased glucose turnover compared to that in ob/ob mice. Last, mice with muscle-specific ablation of IL-10 receptor (M-IL10R(-/-)) were generated to determine whether IL-10 signaling in skeletal muscle is involved in IL-10 effects on glucose metabolism. After an HFD, M-IL10R(-/-) mice developed insulin resistance with reduced glucose metabolism compared to that in wild-type mice. Overall, these results demonstrate IL-10 effects to attenuate obesity-mediated inflammation and improve insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle, and our findings implicate a potential therapeutic role of anti-inflammatory cytokines in treating insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.</P>
배수관망에서 수처리에 의한 AOC, BDOC및 세균성장의 특성
장용철(YoungCheol Chang),정권(Kweon Jung),유영식(Yoo YoungSik),강미혜,(Kang MiHye),Andrew A. Randall 한국환경보건학회 2002 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.28 No.5
배수관망에서의 박테리아 재 증식은 큰 현안문제로 대두되고 있으며 이를 억제하기 위한 염소소독 또한 발암 성의 푸산물인 THMs(trihulomethanes) 동을 생성시킬 우려 때문에 미국에서는 오존살균처리 또는 나노여과 (nunoliltration) 법으로 대체해 오고 있다 . 그러나 종래의 많은 bench scale 실험결과를 통해 이러한 처리 이후 에 잔존하는 미량의 유기물 (assimilable organic carbon) 이 박테리아 재 증식에 계속하여 영향을 주고 있다는 결 과가AOC(ussimilable organic carbon) 와 박테리아 재 증식의 상관관계를 통하여 밝혀지고 있다 . 그러나 현재 까지 이러한 연구결과를 full-scule 규모의 현장시설에서 직접 검토한 예는 없다 . 따라서 본 실험은 미국플로리 디추에 위치한 두 지역의 full-scale 배수관망 시설을 선정하여 실시하였다 . 첫 번째 시설은 오존 살균처리를 그 리고 다른 한곳은 나노여과와 석회연수법 (lime softening) 을 병행한 처리법을 사용하고 있다 . 박테리아 증식은 R2A 배지를 사용하는 HPC(heterotrophic plate counts) 법으로 평가했으며 오존이 공급된 배수관망에서의 HPC 는 각 셈플링 지접의 AOC 값을 이용한 지수모델과 높은 상관관계가 있음이 판명되었다 (R2=O.97). 또한 오존처 리는 100% 이상의 AOC 농도증가를 나타냈다 나노여과법과 석회연수법을 병행하고 었는 시설에서도 AOC 에 근거한 지수모델과 상관관계를 나타냈다 (R_=O.75) 그러나 BDOC( biodegradable dissolved organic)는 박테리아 증식에 있어 매우 낮은 상관관계 값을 표시했다 (R²-=0.11) 결과적으로 종래의 많은 bench scalc 실험결과와 같이 AOC 는 배수관망에서의 박테리아 증식과 크게 상관관계를 갖고 있는 갓으로 밝혀졌다. Two full-scale distribution systems. one treating water by ozonation and another treating water by nanofiltration in pamllel with lime softening. were monitored for bacterial growth. Both systems kept disinfectant residuals such as chlorine and chloramine in their respective distribution systems. Bacterial growth was assessed by heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) on R2A agar. In the distribution systems fed by ozonated water, HPCs were correlated (R2 = 0.97) using an exponential model with the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) at each sampling site. Also. it was observed that ozonation caused a signilicant increase in the AOC concentration of the distribution system (over 100% increuse) as well as a signilicant increuse in the bacterial counts of the distribution system (avemge increase over 100%). The HPCs from the distribution systems fed by nanofiltmtion in purallel with lime-softening water also displayed un exponential correlation (R2 = 0.75) with an exponential model based on AOC. No signilicunt correlation was found between bacteria growth on R2A agar and BOOC concentrations. Therefore, in agreement with previous work, bacterial growth in the distribution systems was found to correlate with AOC concentmtions.