シンガポールにおけるDVの再加害を防止するための法政策義務的カウンセリングプログラムの実施

清末愛砂 ( Kiyosue¸ Aisa ) 아세아여성법학회 2020 아세아여성법학 Vol.23 No.-

本稿は、シンガポールにおけるファミリー·バイオレンス、とりわけDVの再加害防止に関する法政策を先進例として紹介することを目的とするものである。東南アジアの都市国家であるシンガポールは、ファミリー·バイオレンスに対する積極的な取り組みをしてきたアジアのパイオニア的存在である。特に、DVの加害者更生プログラムである義務的カウンセリングプログラムは、国際的にも高い評価を得てきた。 シンガポールにおけるファミリー·バイオレンスの被害者保護と暴力の防止を図るための施策の法的根拠は、1961年制定の「女性憲章」(Women’s Charter)の「第7編家族の保護」(第64条から67条)にある。同憲章は同国の主な家族法であり、婚姻、離婚、夫と妻の権利義務、扶養に関する規定等から構成されているが、1980年にイングランド法をモデルにしたDVに関する規定が盛り込まれた。現行の第7編は1996年に導入されたものであり、DVだけでなくファミリー·バイオレンス全般にまでその適用を広げる条文に変わった。しかし、実務上は主にDV事案への対応条項として用いられている。 女性憲章で規定されているDV被害者に対する法的救済のうち注目に値するものが、家庭裁判所が保護命令とともに発令しうるカウンセリング命令である。同命令は必要に応じて、加害者、被害者、または両者の子に対して発せられる。また、同命令が発せられると、PAVE(Centre for Promoting Alternatives to Violence)のような「ファミリー·バイオレンス専門家センター」(Family Violence SpecialistCentre)が、カウンセリングの実施のために、命令が発せられた当事者に連絡をとる。カウンセリングの受講に関する事後評価は、裁判所が先に決めた期日になされる。 本稿の後半では、PAVEの活動をケーススタディとして着目し、ファミリー·バイオレンスの被害者支援活動のうち、特に1997年から実施している加害者更生プログラムの概要を紹介する。PAVEは、ファミリー·バイオレンス問題を取り扱うシンガポール発の民間団体として設立された。スタッフとして、専門性を有するソーシャルワーカーが被害者と加害者の双方に対応するための活動に従事している。PAVEは加害者更生プログラムに力を入れた活動を継続してきたことでも知られているため、ケーススタディとしては最適であろう。 This paper aims to explore Singapore’s legal policy to prevent re-offending in family violence cases, especially domestic violence cases, so that we can learn its advanced efforts. Singapore, which is a city-state in South East Asia, has been a pioneer country of advanced efforts against family violence in Asian countries. In particular, the mandatory counselling programme, which means the domestic violence perpetrators’ rehabilitation programme, has earned a high international reputation so far. The legal ground to protect the victims and prevent the further violence (re-offending) is the Part VII Protection of Family (Section 64 to 67) of the Women’s Charter enacted in 1961. The Women’s Charter is the main family law of Singapore made up with provisions on marriage, divorce, rights and duties of husband and wife, and maintenance, etc., and it introduced provisions on domestic violence modelling the English law in 1980. The current Part VII of the Women’s Charter was introduced in 1996 to extend the range of application of provisions from domestic violence to family violence, though the part is mostly being used for domestic violence cases in reality. One of the most remarkable features of the judicial remedies provided in the Women’s Charter is a counselling order issued by the Family Courts along with a protection order. The order is issued to perpetrators or/and victims, or their children if necessary. Once the order is issued, one of the Family Violence Specialist Centres such as the PAVE (Centre for Promoting Alternatives to Violence) will contact the party/parties to have counselling sessions. The review of its outcome will be conducted by the court on the date appointed in advance. In the latter part of this paper, I will briefly introduce the PAVE’s activities to protect victims of family violence (mainly domestic violence), focusing on domestic violence perpetrators’ rehabilitation programme started in 1997 as a case study of the mandatory counselling. The PAVE is the first non-government family violence centre in Singapore. Professional social workers have been involved in the activities as staff members to take care of both victims and perpetrators. Notably it has made a strong effort to the perpetrators’ rehabilitation programme.

Ethnic Language Identity and the Present Day Oirad-Kalmyks

Aisa BITKEEVA 한국알타이학회 2007 알타이학보 Vol.0 No.17

The paper represents an analyses of the Oirad-Kalmyk language functioning in various historical, social, geographical, economico-political conditions. Nowadays the Oirad-Kalmyks live in different regions of the world (Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, the USA etc.). The Kalmyk language belongs to the west branch of Mongolian languages (Altaic language family). The Old-Kalmyk writing “Todo bichg” (Clear writing) was worked out in 1648. The UNESCO “Red book of endangered languages” identifies Kalmyk as language in danger of extinction. Language and culture assimilation occurs under the influence of social factors such as heteroethnic environment, demographic factor of the ethnos in the given society. The article is aimed to find out the evolution of the language identity of its native speakers, to define whether the language is able to develop in heteroethnic environment, to specify the role of demographic capacity, communicative capacity of the language and language vitality. The paper represents an analyses of the Oirad-Kalmyk language functioning in various historical, social, geographical, economico-political conditions. Nowadays the Oirad-Kalmyks live in different regions of the world (Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, the USA etc.). The Kalmyk language belongs to the west branch of Mongolian languages (Altaic language family). The Old-Kalmyk writing “Todo bichg” (Clear writing) was worked out in 1648. The UNESCO “Red book of endangered languages” identifies Kalmyk as language in danger of extinction. Language and culture assimilation occurs under the influence of social factors such as heteroethnic environment, demographic factor of the ethnos in the given society. The article is aimed to find out the evolution of the language identity of its native speakers, to define whether the language is able to develop in heteroethnic environment, to specify the role of demographic capacity, communicative capacity of the language and language vitality.

シンガポ-ルにおける女性の地位向上のための 家族法の改革に關する批判的考察

( Aisa Kiyosue ) 아세아여성법학연구소 2011 아세아여성법학 Vol.14 No.-

The aim of this article is to critically examine the effects and significance of the Women`s Charter, which is the Singapore`s new family law enacted in 1961, being modeled after the British family law, in order to improve the status of women and to prohibit polygamous marriage, in comparison with the marriage systems recognized under the British colonial rule, in accordance with each ethnic custom or religion. In the first part of this article, I discussed how the principles of the application of English law in the colonial Singapore had made marriages contracted under each ethnic custom or religion valid, showing the actual marriage forms conducted by Chinese and Indian immigrants and Malays . In the later part of this article, I reviewed the process of the enactment of the Women`s Charter and its purpose, the new marriage form provided in the article 8 and 22, and rights and duties of husband and wife provided in the article 46 and 48 from the gender perspectives. In the conclusion, I analyzed whether or not the Singapore`s family law reform in 1961 could bring the true women`s liberation into Singapore society, indicating an agenda which is necessary for the current Singapore government to tackle with.

シンガポ?ルにおけるフアミリ バイオレイスに關する法制度の改革と今後の課題

( Aisa Kiyosue ) 아세아여성법학연구소 2012 아세아여성법학 Vol.15 No.-

This paper aims to explore Singapore`s legal reforms on family violence in order to find out some improvements and issues for the future reforms. Up to the present time, Singapore has conducted the legal reforms to deal with fmily violence including domestic violence twice, which was done in 1980 and 1996by amending the existing comprehensive family law called the Women`s Charter. Though the first reform in 1980 enabled the victims to utilise protection or- der, domestic exclusion order and expedited order, not noly the derinition of vi-olence was restricted to physical violence againsst the body, but also it was nec-essary for victims to prove the definite occurrence of violence in order to gain the legal remedies. Therefore, it was hard for the victims to access to this sys- tem for protection from violence. The second rdform in 1996 was initialy aiming to enact the independent law on family violence modelling Malaysian law legisalted in 1994, however, the bill was dismissed in the parliamentary debates. In place of that, the reform was done with the amendment of the Women`s Charthe, and the Part VII speci-fying protection of family was introduced into it to deal with family violence. By this reform, the defintion of violence and the range of persons protected have been greatly widened. Under the second rdform which brought the current system, hurt, wrongful confinement and restraint as well as continual harassment are regarded as acts of violence. The persons protected include not only a spouse, a formenr spouse and children, but also parents, parents in law, brothers and sisters, and any oth-er relatives or incapacitated persons who are regarded as a member of the fam-ily in the opinion of court. Conceming the legal remedies for the victims, the court may make protection order, expedited order and domestic exclusion order as well as mandatory counseling order. In comparison with the previous sys-tem, the court may make a protection order when satisfied on a balance of probabilities. Therefore, it is not necessarily for the victims to prove the defi-nite occurrence of violence in order to obtain the remedies. Despite of the great improvements in the second reform, there are still sev-eral problems which have to be tackled in the future. For example, it failed to include cohabiting couples within the range of persons protected, and to crimi-nalise marital rape. At least, legal reforms to equally treat these couples as well as sexual minority couples should be launched in the near future, since the views of family have been diversified in contemporary Singapore society.

낮은 레이놀즈 수에서 두 개의 원형 실린더 주위 유동 및 입자 거동 해석

Aisa Diaelhag Khalifa Hamid,정석민,김동주 한국입자에어로졸학회 2021 Particle and Aerosol Research Vol.17 No.4

Understanding particle-laden flow around cylindrical bodies is essential for the better design of various applications such as filters. In this study, laminar flows around two tandem cylinders and the motions of particles in the flow are numerically investigated at low Reynolds numbers. We aim to reveal the effects of the spacing between cylinders, Reynolds number and particle Stokes number on the characteristics of particle trajectories. When the cylinders are placed close, the unsteady flow inside the inter-cylinder gap at Re = 100 shows a considerable modification. However, the steady recirculation flow in the wake at Re = 10 and 40 shows an insignificant change. The change in the flow structure leads to the variation of particle dispersion pattern, particularly of small Stokes number particles. However, the dispersion of particles with a large Stokes number is hardly affected by the flow structure. As a result, few particles are observed in the cylinder gap regardless of the cylinder spacing and the Reynolds number. The deposition efficiency of the upstream cylinder shows no difference from that of a single cylinder, increasing as the Stokes number increases. However, the deposition on the downstream cylinder is found only at Re = 100 with large spacing. At this time, the deposition efficiency is generally small compared to that of an upstream cylinder, and the deposition location is also changed with no deposited particles near the stagnation point.

日本における賣春防止法の50年:セックス産業の急速な變化とセックスへの懲罰的行動の影響

( Aisa Kiyosue ) 아세아여성법학연구소 2006 아세아여성법학 Vol.9 No.-

This paper aims to examine how the Prostitution Prevention Law in Japan has had a negative influence on Japanese sex workers or female migrant workers trafficked into the Japanese sex industry since the enactment of the law in 1986. In order to analyze it, I focused on views on prostitution of female diet members who were deeply involved in the enactment of this law, rapid change of the sex industry, stigmatization of sex workers in society, an idea of abolishment of Article 5 which forbids sex workers from seducing people to be their customers in public places, and human right abuses caused by trafficking in female migrant workers into the sex industry. After the enactment of the law, the sex industry in Japan has expanded so rapidly,avoiding the application of the law. I found out that the law has been utilized to suppress the sex workers and victims of trafficking in persons into the sex industry by the police force or immigration officers, whilst there were no any articles to punish customers of these women in the law. I also found out that moral views on sex work of the female diet members involved in the enactment had been strongly reflected in the law. As a conclusion of this paper, I suggested amendment of the purpose of the law, and abolishment of Article 5 so that sex workers would not be criminalized or stigmatized in society.

日本の新安全保障政策, 女性の活躍推進政策における女性の役割-女性に對する期待, 要求-

청말애사 ( Aisa Kiyosue ) 아세아여성법학연구소 2015 아세아여성법학 Vol.18 No.-

In September 2015, the ruling parties of Japan together with some other parties succeeded in adopting a series of security related bills, which allowed Japan to excise the right to collective self-defence, based on the cabinet decision of 1st July 2014. The excise of the right under the Constitutional Law had been denied by the successive Japanese governments. Since the adoption, Japan has changed to the state which would fight overseas especially with its allied nations. Due to this change, the Self-Defence Forces of Japan, which had been assumed not to participate in oversea wars or use of military force, were transformed to the ones which would be assumed to do so. There are high possibilities that the Self-Defence Forces personnel including female members sent to the battle fields for use of military force may suffer from PTSD, attempted suicide and so on upon return to Japan, and that they may give negative effects onto their family lives by causing violence within their intimate sphere such as domestic violence and child abuse etc. However, any measures have not been taken to tackle with such possibilities. The Abe administration has been holding up "Promoting Women`s Active Participation" as one of its important policies, and it has praised to build the "Society where All Women Shine". In Japan where women`s participation into economic and political aspects has been very much behind, it seemingly appears to be welcomed to adopt a policy in order to accelerate women`s appointment or promotion. However, if we carefully examine this policy, which tries to actively mobilise female workers into the labour market by creation of women-friendly workplaces, from the perspectives of the national security and decrease in the number of children, we could gradually see that there are high expectations and demands to women from 3 aspects, namely (1) contribution to the Japanese economy, (2) being delivered of babies which will be needed to support the national security, and (3) contribution to the national security with the male Self-Defence Forces personnel. Those who will not be able to play this role can be regarded as "second women". In this paper, as above mentioned, I will show negative influences including family violence by the returned Self-Defence Forces personnel, deriving from Japan`s new policies on the national security and the promoting Women`s active participation.

Ethnic Language Identity and the Present Day Oirad-Kalmyks

( Bitkeeva Aisa ) 한국알타이학회 2007 알타이학보 Vol.0 No.17

The paper represents an analyses of the Oirad-Kalmyk language functioning in various historical, social, geographical, economico-political conditions. Nowadays the Oirad-Kalmyks live in different regions of the world (Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, the USA etc.). The Kalmyk language belongs to the west branch of Mongolian languages (Altaic language family). The Old-Kalmyk writing “Todo bichg” (Clear writing) was worked out in 1648. The UNESCO “Red book of endangered languages” identifies Kalmyk as language in danger of extinction. Language and culture assimilation occurs under the influence of social factors such as heteroethnic environment, demographic factor of the ethnos in the given society. The article is aimed to find out the evolution of the language identity of its native speakers, to define whether the language is able to develop in heteroethnic environment, to specify the role of demographic capacity, communicative capacity of the language and language vitality.

The Oirat Language in Mongolia

( Bitkeeva Aisa ) 전북대학교 인문학연구소 2011 건지인문학 Vol.6 No.-

The article considers the cultural and linguistic dynamics of Oirat ethnic groups in Mongolia, a small part of the population of the country living in compact settlements for a number of centuries. They include such Oirat ethnic groups as the Derbet, Torgut, Zakhchin, Mingat, Bayit, Uryankhay, Elyut, Khotogoyt, Khoshut, Khoyt and Khoton. The Oirat language belongs to the west branch of Mongolian languages (Altaic language family). It is an old-written language, the Oirat writing "Todo bichg" (Clear writing) was worked out in 1648 by the Oirad scholar Zaya Pandita. Language and culture assimilation occurs under the influence of social factors such as cognate linguistic environment, demographic factor of the ethnos in the given society. The article is aimed to find out the evolution of Oirat dialects in Mongolia, to define whether they are able to develop in cognate environment, to specify the role of demographic capacity, communicative capacity of the languages and language vitality.

The Effect of Carbon Emission Disclosure on Firm Value: Environmental Performance and Industrial Type

Mohammad HARDIYANSAH,Aisa Tri AGUSTINI,Indah PURNAMAWATI 한국유통과학회 2021 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.8 No.1

This research aims to examine the effect of carbon emission disclosure on firm value and to reveal environmental performance and industrial type as the moderating variables. This study used 82 samples of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) and receiving awards in the Indonesian Sustainability Reporting Award (ISRA) in 2014-2018. This study used a multiple linear regression analysis to test the hypotheses. The results showed that carbon emission disclosure had a positive and significant effect on firm value as carbon emission disclosure is a form of corporate concern on environment positively responded by the market and becomes the basis for investors to make their considerations in assessing the company sustainability. Besides, environmental performance and industrial type can strengthen the influence relationship of carbon emission disclosure on firm value since environmental performance was assessed based on ISO 14001 certification ensuring that the company has tried to preserve the environmental sustainability by creating a good environmental management system. Moreover, companies categorized into high profile industrial type have tried to change their unfavorable image and avoid lawsuits by performing carbon emission disclosure to gain positive responses from the market.