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Antibiofilm and Antivirulence Activities of Fatty Acids
Afreen JAILANI,Ye Seul KIM,Jintae LEE 한국생물공학회 2021 한국생물공학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.10
Fatty acids (FAs) have emerged as a potential alternative to conventional antibiotics. Since many microbes respond differently to a variety of natural and synthetic FAs, substantial efforts have been made to understand the unique features of FAs that function as antimicrobials at high doses and biofilm inhibitors at low doses. Here, we provide an overview of the emerging antibiofilm properties of FAs and their relations to virulence and quorum sensing, such as diffusible signal factors (DSFs), acyl-homoserine lactones, and autoinducer-2 systems. Several FAs mimic DSFs and control motility, fimbriae, hyphae, and biofilm development as well as virulence characteristics of diverse microbes. The findings of FAs as antibiofilm and antivirulence agents will provide a new paradigm to cope with recalcitrant pathogens.
Inhibition of Biofilm Formation and Hyphal Growth of Candida albicans by Medium-chain Fatty Acids
Ye Seul KIM,Afreen JAILANI,Jintae LEE 한국생물공학회 2021 한국생물공학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.10
C. albicans biofilms are tolerant of conventional antifungal therapeutics and the host immune system. The transition of yeast cells to hyphae is considered a key step in C. albicans biofilm development, and this transition is inhibited by the quorum sensing molecule farnesol. We hypothesized that fatty acids mimicking farnesol might influence hyphal and biofilm formation by C. albicans. Among 31 saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, six medium-chain saturated fatty acids, that is, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, and lauric acid, effectively inhibited C. albicans biofilm formation by more than 75% at 2 ㎍/ml. These six fatty acids at 2 ㎍/ml and farnesol at 100 ㎍/ml inhibited hyphal growth and cell aggregation. The addition of fatty acids to C. albicans culture decreased the productions of farnesol and sterols. Furthermore, the down-regulations of several hyphal and biofilm related genes caused by heptanoic or nonanoic acid closely resembled the changes caused by farnesol. In addition, the most active nonanoic acid diminished C. albicans virulence in a Caenorhabditis elegans model. Our results suggest that medium-chain fatty acids more effectively inhibit hyphal growth and biofilm formation than farnesol.