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김재열,김영호,Kim, Jae-Yeol,Kim, Young-Ho 한국공간구조학회 2014 한국공간구조학회지 Vol.14 No.1
When we excavate an underground to build basement, the ground anchors are needed to prevent collapse of neighboring ground, subsidence and movement. Ground anchor construction required shore sheet piles, wales and struts as to maintain secure excavation. Existing box-type bracket using head part of ground anchor can not be possibly adjustable to the boring angle because the brackets are manufactured with unified angle in a factory. Also, box-type brackets have imperfection and instability caused by inequable force. In this study, a new bracket system is proposed. The bracket's side plate is reinforced and the angle of boring can be controlled. To investigate the structural performance of presented brackets, FEM analysis has been performed by using ANSYS commercial program. As a result, this bracket shows sufficient stability for all angle case and the strength is increased about 24% than existing bracket.
패혈증환자에서 혈청 TNF-$\alpha$ 및 IL-1$\beta$
김재열,이춘택,김영환,한성구,민경업,김유경,심영수,유철규,Kim, Jae-Yeol,Choi, Hyung-Seok,Lee, Choon-Taek,Kim, Young-Whan,Han, Sung-Koo,Min, Kyung-Up,Kim, Yoo-Young,Shim, Young-Soo,Yoo, Chul-Gyu 대한결핵및호흡기학회 2000 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.49 No.2
패혈증에서는 지속적인 내독소 자극에 의해 염증 반응이 계속 유발될 수 있으나, 염증반응에 주도적인 역할을 하는 말초혈액 단핵구는 반응도를 스스로 낮춤으로서 염증 반응을 감소시키는 경향을 보이는데, 이러한 현상을 내독소 내성(endotoxin tolerance)라고 한다. 내독소 내성은 과다한 염증반응에 대한 자체의 방어작용으로 이해되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 조직액에서 감염균이 증명된 패혈증 환자를 대상에서 추출한 말초 혈액 단핵구에서 내독소 내성의 현상을 관찰하고자 하였다. 방법 : American College of Chest Physician-Society의 Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference에서 정한 sepsis의 기준을 만족하고, 감염균이 확인된 14명의 환자를 대상으로 하였으며 질환의 중증도는 APACHE II score를 이용하여 평가하였다. 대상환자의 혈청에서 TNT-$\alpha$와 IL-1$\beta$의 농도를 측정한 뒤, 말초혈액 단핵구를 추출, 배양하여, 내독소(100 ng/ml)로 자극하였다. 내독소 자극 후 24시간 뒤에 배양 상층액에서 ELISA 방법으로 TNT-$\alpha$와 IL-1$\beta$의 농도를 측정하였다. 결과 : 대상 환자는 총 14명(남자 : 8 명, 여자 6명)으로 APACHE II score는 12.2$\pm$5.7 이었다. 감염의 원발 부위는 뇨관감염, 폐렴, 아급성심내막염, 도관감염, 급성담관염 등이었다. 감염 원인균은 그람음성 간균 10례, 그람 양성균 6례였고, 이 중에는 복합감염이 2례가 있었다. 환자군의 혈청 TNF-$\alpha$는 4명에서 측정이 기능했고 평균치는 29.7$\pm$527.7 pg/ml 이었다. IL-1$\beta$는 1명에서 측정가능했고 측정치는 16.1 pg/ml 이었다. 내독소 자극 후 말초혈액 단핵구 배양 상층액의 TNF-$\alpha$농도는 패혈증 환자는 2,703$\pm$2,066 pg/ml, 대조군은 2,101$\pm$1914 pg/ml 이었고, IL-1$\beta$ 농도는 환자군은 884$\pm$1,050 pg/ml, 대조군은 575$\pm$558 pg/ml으로 두 군 사이에 의미있는 차이는 없었다. 결론 : 본 연구에서는 예상과는 달리 패혈증 환자의 말초혈액 단핵구에서 내독소내성을 관찰할 수 없었다. 향후 보다 중증의 환자를 대상으로 하고, 조기에 혈액을 채취하며, 말초혈액 상층액에 혈청을 추가하는 등의 보완을 통하여 재평가가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. Background : It is well known that when macrophages are stimulated with endotoxin, they produce a wide variety of cytokine mediators, including TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-1$\beta$. However, there is an alteration in the macrophages' responsiveness when they are challenged with repeated bouts of endotoxin, termed "endotoxin tolerance" which is regarded as a self-protective phenomenon from continuous stimulation. In this study, endotoxin tolerance in the peripheral blood monocytes of sepsis patients was evaluated. Methods : Fourteen patients with organism-documented sepsis were included. The severity of illness was evaluated by APACHE II score. Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from the patients and diluted to $1{\times}10^5$ well. After stimulation with endotoxin (LPS of E. coli O114 : B4, 100 ng/ml), they were incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ in 5% $CO_2$ incubator for 24 hours. Supernatant was collected for the measurement of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-1$\beta$ with ELISA method. Peripheral blood monocytes of seven healthy volunteers were used as control. Results : The APACHE II score (mean$\pm$SD) of the patients at the time of blood sampling was 12.2$\pm$5.7. The primary infection foci were urinary tract infection, pneumonia, subacute bacterial endocarditis, and catheter related infection, etc. The causative organisms were gram negative rods (10 cases), gram positive cocci (6 cases) with two cases of mixed infection. Serum TNF-$\alpha$ could be measured in 4 cases with 29.9$\pm$27.7 pg/ml. Serum IL-1$\beta$was measurable in only one patient. The TNF-$\alpha$ level of supernatant of cultured peripheral blood monocytes was 2,703$\pm$2,066 pg/ml in patients and 2,102$\pm$1914 pg/ml in controls. The IL-1$\beta$level of supernatant was 884$\pm$1,050 pg/ml in patients and 575$\pm$558 pg/ml in controls. There was no difference of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-1$\beta$ level between patients and controls. Conclusion : We cannot prove the phenomenon of endotoxin tolerance in this study. Future study needs to be focused on the more severe sepsis patients who were taken for sampling earlier. Addition of serum to the culture medium could be an another valuable option for the success of this study.
김재열,Kim, Jae-Yeol Korean Association for Spatial Structures 2013 한국공간구조논문집 Vol.5 No.3
For each cable component in a cable dome structure, pre-tension is needed for stability of whole the structure. The summation of these pre-tension at each joint should be zero to achieve the self equilibrium structure. The first step in cable dome structure analysis is to find the ratio of pre-tension in each member which can produce a stable and structure on self-equilibrium. In this paper, a new method based on the basic principle of closed force polygon for equilibrium system is proposed for the determination of self-equilibrium mode of cable dome structure. A single layer cable dome and two multi layer type domes have been analyzed. The ratios of cable members are determined by the presented method, and check the validation of the results by numerical calculation.
김재열,Kim, Jae-Yeol 한국공간구조학회 2013 한국공간구조학회지 Vol.13 No.4
Beam string structures(BSS) are one kind of efficient structure system because the bending moment in the beams is reduced greatly through the struts and the strings. As the struts in BSS are used as middle supports to the beam and always in compression, the buckling of the struts should be avoided. This paper investigates the lateral buckling of the struts in BSS. Firstly, the strut of a one-strut BSS is simplified into an analytical model by considering load is formulated and some special cases of the model are analyzed. Finally, the lateral buckling load of the strut is numerically examined by means of parameter studies. It is known that, because on end of the struts is jointed to the beam while the other end is connected to the strings, the buckling of the struts not only depends on the length of the struts and the stiffness of the joints, but also depends on the rise and the lateral stiffness of the beam, the layout of the strings and the number of the struts.