The Study of Applicability to Fixed-field Sensor for Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Monitoring in Cultivation Area

이경도,나상일,백신철,정병준,홍석영 한국토양비료학회 2015 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.48 No.6

The NDVI (Normalized difference vegetation index) is used as indicators of crop growth situation in remote sensing. To measure or validate the NDVI, reliable NDVI sensors have been needed. We tested new fixed-field NDVI sensor, “SRS (Spectral Reflectance Sensor)” developed by Decagon Devices, during Kimchi cabbage growing season at the cultivation area located in Gochang, Gangneung and Taebaek in Korea from 2014 to 2015. The diurnal variation of NDVI measured by SRS (SRS NDVI) showed a slight ∩-profile shape and was affected by water on the sensor surface. This means that SRS NDVI around noontime is resonable, except rainy day. Comparisons were made between the SRS NDVI and NDVI of used widely mobile sensor (Cropcircle NDVI). The comparisons indicate that SRS NDVI are close to Cropcircle NDVI (R=0.99). SRS NDVI time series displayed change of the plant height and leaf width of Kimchi cabbage. An obvious exponential relationship is found between SRS NDVI and the plant height (R2≥0.92) and leaf width (R2≥0.92) of Kimchi cabbage. Thus, SRS NDVI will be used as indicator of crop growth situation and a very powerful tool for evaluation of remote sensing NDVI estimates and associated corrections.

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Content Changes in Paddy Soil and Water As Affected by Organic Fertilizer Application

이경도,이경보,송인홍,강종국,황선웅,길근환 한국환경농학회 2011 한국환경농학회지 Vol.30 No.1

BACKGROUND: With increasing public awareness to environment‐friendly agriculture, many efforts have been run to develop organic farming technologies in Korea as of late 90s. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different organic farming practices on soil chemical properties and water quality in paddy fields. METHODS AND RESULTS: Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were monitored for a two‐year period (2006 to 2007) from the study organic paddy fields located in Wan‐ju, Jeonbuk Province in Korea. TN and TP of organic paddy water were gradually increased for 2~3 weeks after organic manure application and then gradually decreased afterward. The overall variation of TP in the paddy fields was much greater than that of TN. The phosphorus content in organic paddy field appeared to increase with the organic farming period. CONCLUSION(s): This indicates that long‐term organic farming is likely to cause phosphorus accumulation in soils and increase vulnerability to rainfall runoff. Thus, appropriate phosphorus management needs to be implemented, particularly, to reduce excessive phosphorus supply owing to nitrogen‐based determination of organic manure application amount.

청천일 무인기 영상의 반사율 및 식생지수 일주기 변화

이경도,나상일,박찬원,홍석영,소규호,안호용 대한원격탐사학회 2020 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.36 No.5

Recent advanced UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) technology supply new opportunities for estimating crop condition using high resolution imagery. We analyzed the diurnal change of reflectance and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) in UAV imagery for crop monitoring in clear day condition. Multi-spectral images were obtained from a 5-band multi-spectral camera mounted on rotary wing UAV. Reflectance were derived by the direct method using down-welling irradiance measurement. Reflectance using UAV imagery on calibration tarp, concrete and crop experimental sites did not show stable by time and daily reproducible values. But the CV (Coefficient of Variation) of diurnal NDVI on crop experimental sites was less than 5%. As a result of comparing NDVI at the similar time for two day, the daily mean average ratio of error showed a difference of 0.62 to 3.97%. Therefore, it is considered that NDVI using UAV imagery can be used for time series crop monitoring. 본 연구는 청천일 조건에서 직접적 보정 방식으로 산정한 반사율 및 식생지수의 일주기 변화를 분석하여 시계열 작황 모니터링을 위한 무인비행체 영상의 특성을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 무인기에 다중분광센서를 장착하여 청천일이었던 2020년 3월 23일과 3월 24일에 반사율 보정용 반사판, 콘크리트 및 작물 시험구를 대상으로 시간대별, 비행경로별 항공영상을 촬영하여 직접적 방식으로 반사율을 산정하고 작물 시험구를 대상으로 식생지수를 계산하여 비교하였다. 반사율 보정용 반사판, 콘크리트 및 작물 시험구의 무인기 영상 반사율은 시간대 및 비행경로별로 일정한 변화 경향을 보이지 않을 뿐 아니라 일간 재현성 있는 값을 보이지 않아 시계열적으로 비교·활용 하는 것에는 한계가 있을 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 작물 시험구의 NDVI는 값이 높을수록 일중 및 일간 변동성이 적었으며 식생의 활력이 부족한 식생 제어 시험구에서도 일 중 5% 미만의 변동계수를 보여 반사율과 달리 대체로 일정한 값을 유지하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 3월 23일과 3월 24일 동일한 시간대에 촬영한 무인기 영상으로 산정한 NDVI의 평균 절대 오차도 0.76~3.97%의 범위를 보여 시계열 작황모니터링에 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

연명의료에 대한 환자 자기결정권 논의에서 필요한 것들

이경도 (재) 국가생명윤리정책원 2023 생명, 윤리와 정책 Vol.7 No.2

최근 의사조력자살을 일부 허용하려는 법안이 발의되면서, 그 정당성에 대한 논의가 광범위하게 이루어졌다. 그 논의에서 한 가지 중요한 논점은 연명의료에 대한 환자의 자기결정권이 진정으로 존중되고 있지 않은 현실에 대한 지적이었다. 본 논문은 그 논점을 직접적으로 다루기보다, 연명의료에 대한 환자의 자기결정권을 논의하는 데에 있어서 더욱 명확히 다루어야 할 부분을 논하는 데에 집중한다. 크게 네 가지 목표가 있다. 첫째, 연명의료가 무엇을 의미하는지 탐색한다. 그에 대한 올바른 정의를 내리고 이를 명확히 하는 것은 이후 논의를 더 생산적으로 이끌어내는데에 필요하다. 둘째, 환자가 어떤 선택을 내릴 경우 그 선택이 야기한 결과에 대한 윤리적 책임이 어떻게 규명될 수 있는지 논의한다. 환자의 선택에 따른 윤리적 책임이 어느 경우에 누구에게있는지 상대적으로 충분히 논해지지 못했으나 이는 환자의 선택을 존중하는 정책, 제도, 문화 형성에 중요하다. 셋째, 연명의료가 환자의 최선의 이익을 위해 필요하다고 하여도 환자의 선택을제한하고 침해하는 것이 윤리적으로 정당한 경우는 없는지 살펴본다. 이전 연명의료에 대한 환자자기결정권 논의에서 가장 중요한 두 가지 원칙으로 환자의 최선의 이익과 자율성 존중만을 들었기에 과연 위와 같은 제한과 침해가 정당화될 수 있는지 의문이 들 수 있었다. 그러나 본 논문에서는 그 외에 정의의 문제 또한 중요함을 밝히며 그 개입 및 침해가 정당화될 수 있는 가능한 사례들을 보인다. 넷째, 연명의료에 대한 환자 자기결정권 존중을 위해 구체적으로 사회가 보장해야 하는 것은 무엇인지 논한다. 이전 문헌에서 환자의 자기결정권이 실현되기 위해서 환자의 연명의료에 관한 여러 선택지에 대한 경제적, 사회적, 지역적, 문화적 접근성이 보장되어야 한다는 대체적인 목표 설정을 주문하였다. 본 논문은 이러한 방식의 접근이 한국 현실에서 매우 중요한 실천적 함의를 지니나, 자칫 학술적으로 오해의 소지가 있음을 밝히며 무엇에 대한 접근성부터 개선할 것인지에 대한 논의가 더욱 시급함을 밝힌다. 본 논문은 위 네 가지 논점을 다루는 데에 있어서, 각각 단일한 정답을 제시하기보다는 그에 대한 오해를 불식시키며 좀 더 명확하고 생산적인 논의로 나아가는 데 보탬이 되려고 한다. Recently in South Korea, a bill proposing physician-assisted suicide has generated significant debate on the controversial procedure’s permissibility. One abiding argument opposing this proposal states that, in fact, patients will still be unable to exercise their right to self-determination in decisions about life-sustaining treatments because the bur- dens associated with caretaking and the fear of imposing such burdens on loved ones may unintentionally encourage or force patients to choose physician-assisted suicide. Without evaluating this argument’s validity, this article addresses four ethical issues relevant to patient self-determination that have received insufficient attention. First, it explores the scope and definition of life-sustaining treatments. Although future scholarly discussion must establish a robust definition of life-sustaining treatment, the conventional legal defi- nitions of such treatments need further clarification. Second, this article highlights the need to address whether, when, and to what extent patients should be held responsible for their voluntary decisions about life-sustaining treatments. This issue is highly relevant to ensuring patients’ actual right to self-determination, yet it has not been addressed fully in the literature. Third, this article illustrates cases in which it is ethically defensible to infringe upon patients’ right to self-determination in decisions about life-sustaining treatments, even when infringement seemingly goes against their self-interest and agency. Unfortunately, in past literature, such cases have not been alluded to. This article pres- ents primarily justice-related grounds that may justify infringing upon patients’ right to self-determination when such infringement does not directly promote their interests. Fourth, this article discusses what institutional resources should be provided to patients to help them realize their right to self-determination in decisions about life-sustaining treatments. Certain authors in previous literature have implicitly claimed that patients should be provided equal access to life-sustaining treatments to realize their right to self-determination. However, this article argues that it is neither feasible nor ethical to ensure equal access to all kinds of life-sustaining treatments. While an exhaustive treat- ment of these four issues is outside this discussion’s scope, this paper nonetheless hopes to mitigate potential misunderstandings around these four issues, and to propose potential methods for addressing these issues in the future.

무인비행체 영상을 활용한 고랭지배추 정식시기 추정

이경도,박찬원,소규호,김기덕,나상일,Lee, Kyung Do,Park, Chan Won,So, Kyu Ho,Kim, Ki Deog,Na, Sang Il 한국농공학회 2017 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.59 No.6

Growth monitoring of highland Kimchi cabbage is very important to respond the fluctuations in supply and demand from middle of August to early September in Korea. For evaluating Kimchi cabbage growth, it needs to classify the transplanting period of Kimchi cabbage, preferentially. This study was conducted to estimate the transplanting period of highland Kimchi cabbage from 2015 to 2016 in the main production area of highland Kimchi cabbage, Anbandegi, Maebongsan, and Gwinemi. Correlation between NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) from UAV images and days after transplanting of Kimchi cabbage was high in early transplanting period. But because the growth curve of Kimchi cabbage showed S-type, joint use of multi-temporal linear regression equation for estimation of transplanting period was more suitable. Using application of these equations at Anbandegi, Maebongsan, and Gwinemi, we made the map of transplanting periods of highland Kimchi cabbage. Generally, highland Kimchi cabbage is harvested in sixty days later since transplanting. As a result, we could estimate the harvest time and area of highland Kimchi cabbage.

코로나19 백신을 접종하지 않은 이들의 책임: 치료 비용의 부담을 중심으로

이경도 한국의료윤리학회 2023 한국의료윤리학회지 Vol.26 No.1

The head of South Korea’s COVID-19 policy committee has argued that it is unfair that individuals who choose not to be vaccinated against COVID-19 receive public funding for medical treatment related to COVID-19. Although these remarks were not connected to any change in the country’s COVID-19 policies, it is important, for both theoretical and practical reasons, to address the justifiability of a policy that would make unvaccinated individuals pay for their own COVID-19-related medical treatment. This article argues that it would be difficult to justify such a policy even from the standpoint of luck egalitarianism, which holds that it is fair for some to be worse off than others if the inequality in question is the result of choices those individuals made. Although it is often assumed that luck egalitarians would approve of policies that denied COVID-19-related medical treatment to individuals who choose not to vaccinate, this article shows that this assumption is not necessarily right. Additionally, this article also clarifies common misunderstandings of luck egalitarianism at the theoretical level. 최근 코로나19 백신을 접종하지 않은 이들의 치료를 공적 재원을 통해 보장하는 것은 문제의 소지가 있으며, 이에 대한 광범위한 논의가 필요하다는 주장이 제기되었다. 물론 이 주장은 실제 어떤 구체적 인 정책을 염두에 둔 상황에서 제기된 것은 아니나, 그 윤리적 정당성을 논하는 것이 정책적 그리고 이 론적으로 중요해 보인다. 본 논문은 개인에게 책임을 부여하는 것이 공정하다는 견해인 운평등주의의 관점에서 코로나19 백신 미접종자들에게 그들의 코로나19 관련 치료 비용에 대한 책임을 전가하는 정 책이 과연 정당한지를 논한다. 결론적으로 본 논문은 운평등주의자들조차 그 정책을 정당하지 않다고 충분히 평가할 수 있다는 점을 밝힌다. 물론 여러 다른 도덕 이론과 평등주의 사조 또한 그러한 정책을 지지하거나 배척할 수 있지만, 개인의 선택에 대한 책임을 그 개인에게 부여하는 것을 정당하다고 보는 운평등주의의 관점에서조차 그 정책의 정당성을 찾아보기 힘들다면, 이는 그 정책의 정당성을 판단하는 데에 상당히 중요한 윤리적 함의를 가질 것이다. 본 논문은 코로나19 백신 미접종자들에게 치료 비용에 대한 책임을 부여하려는 정책의 정당성을 단순히 판단하는 것에서 나아가, 운평등주의에 대한 여러 이 론적 오해들을 불식시킬 것이다.

Characteristics of UAV Aerial Images for Monitoring of Highland Kimchi Cabbage

이경도,박찬원,소규호,김기덕,나상일 한국토양비료학회 2017 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.3

Remote sensing can be used to provide information about the monitoring of crop growth condition. RecentlyUnmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology offers new opportunities for assessing crop growth conditionusing UAV imagery. The objective of this study was to assess weather UAV aerial images are suitable for themonitoring of highland Kimchi cabbage. This study was conducted using a fixed-wing UAV (Model : Ebee)with Cannon S110, IXUS/ELPH camera during farming season from 2015 to 2016 in the main productionarea of highland Kimchi cabbage, Anbandegi, Maebongsan, and Gwinemi. The Normalized DifferenceVegetation Index (NDVI) by using UAV images was stable and suitable for monitoring of Kimchi cabbagesituation. There were strong relationships between UAV NDVI and the growth parameters (the plant heightand leaf width) (R2≥0.94). The tendency of UAV NDVI according to Kimchi cabbage growth was similar inthe same area for two years (2015~2016). It means that if UAV image may be collected several years, UAVimages could be used for estimation of the stage of growth and situation of Kimchi cabbage cultivation.

MODIS NDVI와 기상자료를 이용한 미국 일리노이, 아이오와주 옥수수, 콩 수량 추정

이경도,나상일,홍석영,박찬원,소규호,박재문,Lee, Kyung-Do,Na, Sang-Il,Hong, Suk-Young,Park, Chan-Won,So, Kyu-Ho,Park, Jae-Moon 대한원격탐사학회 2017 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.33 No.5

본 연구는 대표적인 곡물 생산, 수출국인 미국의 일리노이주와 아이오와주에 대하여 카운티별 MODIS 위성영상 식생지수 및 기상자료를 활용하여 수량을 추정할 수 있는 다중회귀 모형을 구축하고 그 결과를 평가하였다. 2002년부터 2012년까지의 MODIS 위성영상 식생지수 및 기상자료로 옥수수와 콩 수량 추정 모형을 구축하고 2013년 수량을 추정한 결과, 일리노이, 아이오와 2개주에 대하여 약 1~16% 내외의 오차 결과를 얻었다. 모형의 수량 추정 정확도 향상을 위해 추후에는 지대 구분 및 다양한 지표면 생물리 모수를 함께 활용하여 수량 추정 모형의 성과를 높여나가야 할 것으로 판단된다. The objective of this study was to estimate corn and soybean yield in Illinois and Iowa in USA using satellite and meteorological data. MODIS products for NDVI were downloaded from a NASA website. Each layer was processed to convert projection and extract layers for NDVI. Relations of NDVI from 2002 to 2012 with corn and soybean yield were investigated to find informative days for rice yield estimation. Weather data for the county of study state duration from 2002 to 2012 to correlate crop yield. Multiple regression models based on MODIS NDVI and rainfall were made to estimate corn and soybean yields in study site. Corn yields estimated for 2013 were $10.17ton\;ha^{-1}$ in Illinois, $10.21ton\;ha^{-1}$ in Iowa and soybean yields estimated were $3.11ton\;ha^{-1}$ in Illinois, $2.58ton\;ha^{-1}$ in Iowa, respectively. Corn and Soybean yield distributions in 2013 were mapped to show spatial variability of crop yields of the Illinois and Iowa state.

Selection of Optimal Vegetation Indices and Regression Model for Estimation of Rice Growth Using UAV Aerial Images

이경도,박찬원,소규호,나상일 한국토양비료학회 2017 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.5

Recently Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology offers new opportunities for assessing crop growthcondition using UAV imagery. The objective of this study was to select optimal vegetation indices andregression model for estimating of rice growth using UAV images. This study was conducted using a fixedwingUAV (Model : Ebee) with Cannon S110 and Cannon IXUS camera during farming season in 2016 on theexperiment field of National Institute of Crop Science. Before heading stage of rice, there were strongrelationships between rice growth parameters (plant height, dry weight and LAI (Leaf Area Index)) and NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) using natural exponential function (R≥0.97). After headingstage, there were strong relationships between rice dry weight and NDVI, gNDVI (green NDVI), RVI (RatioVegetation Index), CI-G (Chlorophyll Index-Green) using quadratic function (R≤-0.98). There were noapparent relationships between rice growth parameters and vegetation indices using only Red-Green-Blueband images.

댐 유역 가뭄 관리를 위한 강수량 임계수준 결정에 관한 연구

이경도,손경환,이병주,Lee, Kyoung Do,Son, Kyung Hwan,Lee, Byong Ju 한국수자원학회 2020 한국수자원학회논문집 Vol.53 No.4

This study determined appropriate threshold level (cumulative period and percentage) of precipitation for drought management in dam basin. The 5 dam basins were selected, the daily dam storage level and daily precipitation data were collected. MAP (Mean Areal Precipitation was calculated by using Thiessen polygon method, and MAP were converted to accumulated values for 6 cumulative periods (30-, 60-, 90-, 180-, 270-, and 360-day). The correlation coefficient and ratio of variation coefficient between storage level and MAP for 6 cumulative periods were used to determine the appropriate cumulative period. Correlation of cumulative precipitation below 90-day was low, and that of 270-day was high. Correlation was high when the past precipitation during the flood period was included within the cumulative period. The ratio of variation coefficient was higher for the shorter cumulative period and lower for the longer in all dam, and that of 270-day precipitation was closed to 1.0 in every month. ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) analysis with TLWSA (Threshold Line of Water Supply Adjustment) was used to determine the percentage of precipitation shortages. It is showed that the percentage of 270-day cumulative precipitation on Boryung dam and other 4-dam were less than 90% and 80% as threshold level respectively, when the storage was below the attention level. The relationship between storage and percentage of dam outflow and precipitation were analyzed to evaluate the impact of artificial dam operations on drought analysis, and the magnitude of dam outflow caused uncertainty in the analysis between precipitation and storage data. It is concluded that threshold level should be considered for dam drought analysis using based on precipitation.