역사를 통해서 본 한국 차 산업 발전 저해요인과 극복방안

정병춘(Byeong-Choon Jeong),문윤호(Youn-Ho Moon),송연상(Yeon-Sang Song),한선경(Seon-Kyeong Han),방진기(Jin-Ki Bang) 한국차학회 2007 한국차학회지 Vol.13 No.3

조선 개국부터 1945년까지의 한국 차 문화는 침체상태로 경과되었다. 억불숭유정책으로 인한 불교탄압이 차밭면적과 차 생산량 그리고 차 공급량 감소를 초래하여 서민들은 부모 제사상에 올릴 차도 구하기 어렵게 되었다. 이러한 상황에서 과도한 차세징수 등은 결국 서민들의 차 생산과 차 소비생활을 못하게 억압한 결과를 초래하였다. 구한말의 조정이나 왕실에서는 많은 차를 필요로 하면서도 차 국내생산에 보다 더 적극적 대처를 하지 못하였으며 외국인들의 많은 차 산업화 권유에도 소극적이었다. 찬란했던 신라와 고려시대의 차 문화가 불교와 같이 억압받으면서 시들어지고 말았다. 왕실이나 조정에 차 문화나 산업의 중요성을 주장할만한 지도자가 없었다는 것도 이유가 될 수 있을 것이며 아사자가 속출하는 춘궁기, 보릿고개 등 가난으로 차 마실 여유가 없었던 것도 중요한 원인이 되었을 것이다. 특히 1906년에 권업모범장이 만들어지면서 많은 작물에 대한 과학적인 연구가 시작되었는데도 차에 관한 연구가 빠진 이유는 무엇이었을까? 일본인들이 자국에서 차를 수입하기 위해서라고 생각할 수도 있으나 식량부족시대로 먹거리 작물이 기호작물보다 중요하였던 까닭이 더 유력한 원인이었던 것으로 사료된다. 해방 후의 여러 가지 차 관련 기록들을 통해 우리가 반성하고 받아드려야 할 점은 첫째, 저질홍차 사건과 같은 일이 다시 발생되게 해서는 아니 되며 둘째, 커피와 술의 소비증가추세를 차 소비확대로 억제시켜야한다는 점이다. 전통차가 있는 나라에서 차류 판매액의 66%가 커피이며 전통 차는 13여%에 불과하다(2000, 식품산업연구원). 또 술 판매량도 계속 늘고 있어서 세계인들로부터 적색신호를 받고 있다. 한국 차의 정신을 생활화하기위해 노력하고 있는 많은 차인들은 엘리트 선진국민이 될 수 있는 자격조건에 차와 술, 차와 커피의 소비비율을 각각 1대1로 지킬 것을 포함시켜야 한다고 주장하고 있다. 셋째, 차 문화 부활과 차 산업발전을 위한 정부나 지자체의 지원은 철저한 분석검토를 통해 우선순위에 따라 지원되어야 하며 넷째, 정부에서는 차 관련 연구의 중요성을 인식하고 차 연구기관의 연구역량강화를 위해 적극적 지원을 해야 할 것이다. 해방 후와 1962년 후 차 산업화 촉진 또는 커피수입 억제를 위해 여러 가지 차 관련 정부의 정책이 집행되어 효과를 보기도 하였으나 농업의 특성과 일의 원칙을 정확히 이해하지 못한 업적위주의 일 추진에서 불량 홍차 사건이 발생되었다는 것을 깊이 반성해야 하며 커피수입 완화라는 후속조치는 우리 국민을 커피 애호가로 만들고 당초 목적과 달리 오히려 전통차를 멀리하게 한 매우 부끄러운 조치로 다시는 유사한 사례가 없도록 명심하여야 할 것이다. 다섯째, 차인 1세대들의 업적에 대한 자료를 수집 종합 정리하여 후세들이 맥을 이어갈 수 있도록 보존해야 할 것 등이다. 최근 들어 야기되고 있는 문제점을 배경으로 한국 차 산업 발전을 위해 추진해야할 가장 중요한 일은 녹차재고 증가요인을 명확히 분석하여 시급히 해결하는 일과 안전성 확보방안을 모색하여 단계적으로 철저하게 실천하여 소비자들에게 시급히 신뢰를 회복하는 일이다. 또 고생산비 원인을 개선하고 차 소비자 가격을 낮추어야하며 국내외 소비자들의 기호성에 맞는 품질의 차를 개발하여 국내 대중화와 수출의 길을 모색 추진하여야 한다. 국내 Flourished during the Silla and Goryeo dynasty, the tradition of Korea’s tea culture has been maintained although through difficult times. There were unfortunate historical events that significantly hindered or undermined the development of Korean tea such as the Joseon Dynasty’s policy of oppressing Buddhism, excessive tea tax collection, ignorance of the Royal Court with regards to the tea industry, indifference about tea research by the Korean government after gaining independence from the Japanese colonization, the introduction of inferior black tea, easing of coffee import regulations, delay in the scientific study of tea (starting in 1896 in Japan, Korea in 1992), various meteorological disasters, pressure to import tea, and increase of the green tea stockpile due to the increase of fermented tea. Korea’s tea culture is lagging behind because of such turbulent history and is currently threatened by Japanese and Chinese culture. Korean tea lovers are making every effort in order to lay the foundation for Korea’s own tea culture. In particular, with media reports that agrichemicals were found in green tea, the public’s distrust has grown and green tea consumption has been greatly decreased. Tea stores are returning goods on display and tea farmers are increasingly giving up production. It is impossible to advance the tea industry without the public’s trust in the safety of tea. And without development of the tea industry, the tea culture of Korea cannot really grow either. We cannot talk about the spirit of Korean tea with Chinese or Japanese tea prepared on the table in front of us. Now, every tea man should try to complete his own duties in his field in order to keep such case from occurring. I, hereby, tries to present a plan for the development of Korean tea industry by pointing out the historical problems and solutions with the tea industry.

차나무 영양계품종의 육성연한 단축방안

정병춘(Byeong-Choon Jeong),송연상(Yeon-Sang Song),문윤호(Youn-Ho Moon),한선경(Seon-Gyeong Han),방진기(Jin-Ki Bang) 한국차학회 2006 한국차학회지 Vol.12 No.3

The big problem of tea tree cultivation in Korea is that almost all tea tree gardens have been making with tea tree seeds gathered from the native land or artificial tea tree gardens. The second problem is that those seedling gardens are located in mountain slopes. These situations cause lower yield and make it difficult to mechanize tea farming, which in turn raises production cost and consumer price. In the case of seedling tea tree fields made with true seeds, over 80% of total tea tree gardens, are different in sprouting time and growth type among individuals and as a result, yield decreases and the quality of products is not uniform. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to develop and supply clonal cultivars with disaster-resistant, high quality and high yielding features. The tea products made from the leaves of these tea cultivars must fit to koreans 'taste, and must be expanded to tea tree garden in plain areas. Another important thing is to improve safer material by adopting the environment-friendly cultivation practices. In addition, efforts should be exerted to lower production and processing costs for a lower consumer price, and to promote high quality. The other important things for popularization of tea consumption at home and export to overseas markets by organizing and enlarging of farmers or factories for tea products.

Difference of Biochemical Contents in Conserve Korean Tea and Introduced Tea Cultivars

Seon Kyeong Han(한선경),Kwang Soo Kim(김광수),Yeon Sang Song(송연상),Youn Ho Moon(문윤호),Byeong Choon Jeong(정병춘),Jin Ki Bang(방진기) 한국차학회 2005 한국차학회지 Vol.11 No.3

The purpose of this study was to understand better the difference of biochemical contents between the conserve Korean wild tea trees and introduced tea cultivars that have been cultivated in the same field. The Korean wild tea germplasms were collected from Jeonnam province in 1998. The preparation method for the high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) analysis of the biochemical contents of tea trees was modified to rapid and labor-saving one. The caffeine and catechin contents extracted from the powdered tea leaves using the liquid nitrogen were higher than the finely chopped and the cut tea leaves. And the optimum extraction time was 30 min. The tea leaves incubated at -5˚C (2 hr) had higher caffeine and catechin contents than the fresh leaves. Likewise, caffeine content fo new leaves was significantly higher than old leaves. The Korean wild tea accessions showed high caffeine, EGC, and ECGC contents compared to the introduced tea cultivars. Specifically, the content of caffeine in Wolchul 3-13 was six times higher than the Japanese tea cultival "Saemidori".

한국 야생차나무 화기구조의 변이

송연상(Yeon-Sang Song),한선경(Seon-Kyeong Han),문윤호(Youn-Ho Moon),정병춘(Byeong-Choon Jeong),방진기(Jin-Ki Bang) 한국차학회 2008 한국차학회지 Vol.14 No.1

Unlike vegetative parts, the reproductive parts of tea plant are more discrete and show relatively less variation. They therefore provide more reliable diagnostic criteria. The purpose of the study is to got informations of the flower structure and variations on the wild tea germplasm collected from Jeonnam province in Korea. 331 wild tea samples were used in this study, namely, 144 accessions from Wolchul mountain, 178 accessions from Moodeung mountain, and 9 accessions from Boseong district, and all were collected within the Jeonnam province. Another 9 improved cultivars from Japan were also used for comparison. The collected wild tea plants and the Japanese tea cultivars have mainly medium flowers except for the 16 accessions (9%) from Moodeung mountain have large flowers. The length of stigma and stamen differed among the Korean tea accessions, whereas the Japanese cultivars were similar. Many Korean wild tea plants (over 65%) showed high position of stigma with 98 accessions (55.1%) from the Moodeung mountain group and 82 accessions (56.9%) from the Wolchul mountain, but the Japanese tea cultivars showed low position (below 65%). In the density of ovary pubescence, the Japanese tea cultivars showed medium character due to artificial crossing between Camellia assamica and Camellia sinenses. It was considered that the Korean wild tea plants have varietal distribution due to many natural crossing with unknown pathways.

노린재 흡즙이 차엽의 카테킨 및 아미노산 함량에 미치는 영향

송연상(Yeon-Sang Song),한선경(Seon-Kyeong Han),문윤호(Youn-Ho Moon),정병춘(Byeong-Choon Jeong),방진기(Jin-Ki Bang) 한국차학회 2008 한국차학회지 Vol.14 No.2

차나무 재배시 문제해충 중의 하나인 노린재의 흡즙피해를 받은 차엽의 기능성분 변화를 알아보기 위하여 실험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 피해엽의 수분함량, 탄닌함량, 총질소 함량은 정상엽에 비하여 낮은 수준을 나타내었다. 2. 카페인 함량은 차이가 미미하였으며 카테킨 함량은 피해엽이 정상엽에 비하여 훨씬 낮아졌다. 특히 EGCG의 함량변화가 크게 나타났다. 3. 아미노산함량 또한 피해엽이 정상엽보다 낮았는데 프로린과 페닐알라닌 함량에서 큰 차이를 보였다. 4. 차나무 계통 W2-1은 피해엽에서 정상엽보다 더 높은 아미노산 함량을 나타내었다. The true bugs are one of the problem insect decreasing tea quality by sucking to young leaves of tea plant. The purpose of this study was to understand the quality changes of tea leaves according to the sucking by true bugs. The damaged 8 accessions and the normal 8 accessions were selected on the tea germplasm garden and analyzed. Water content in damaged tea leaves showed lower than that of normal leaves. In case of average tannin content, it was observed slightly low in damaged leaves, whereas the normal leaves showed low tannin content among the same accessions. Total nitrogen, caffeine, and amino acid content, the important factors related to tea quality, showed highly in normal tea leaves compare to damaged tea leaves. It showed more difference between damaged and normal tea leaves in the same 3 accessions than that of among different 16 accessions. Therefore, it is important that we have to carefully control to insect in tea cultivation, because bugs sucking will be decrease tea quality. In addition, W2-1, accession name, showed high amino acid content in damaged tea leaves as 1,145 mg% compare to normal tea leaves with 973 mg%. It was considered that it is need to further study to understand the reason.

Variation of Total Nitrogen and Tannin Contents in Collected Wild Tea Trees

Yeon Sang Song(송연상),Seon Kyeong Han(한선경),Youn Ho Moon(문윤호),Byeong Choon Jeong(정병춘),Jin Ki Bang(방진기) 한국차학회 2005 한국차학회지 Vol.11 No.3

The purpose of this study was to select the predominant tea trees with high contents of nitrogen and tannin in the wild tea germplasms collected at Jeonnam province in 1988. The tea germplasms were first grown in the same field, and then analyzed for total nitrogen and tannin contents in 263 and 293 accessions, respectively. No fertilizer or any similar treatment has been applied to the tea trees since they were planted. Ninety-six percent of the analyzed 263 accessions had mainly 3.0-5.0% total nitrogen content. However, Wolchul 1-10, the accessions name, showed the highest total nitrogen content as 6.34percent. On the other hand, the average tannin content was 9.88±3.98% and ranged from 4.29% to 22.64%. The Moodeung group showed the highest tannin content as 12.55±3.4%, while the Boseong group had the lowest tannin as 6.78±2.0%. The tannin content was distributed mainly from 5 to 15%. Among the 293 accessions, 18 accessions had below 5% tannin content and 4 accessions had more than 20%.

삼투계수 측정법을 이용한 차나무 삽목 최적상토 선발

문윤호(Youn-Ho Moon),송연상(Yeon-Sang Song),정병춘(Seon-Kyeong Han),한선경(Byeong-Choon Jeong),방진기(Jin-Ki Bang) 한국차학회 2007 한국차학회지 Vol.13 No.3

차나무 삽목시 발근률을 향상시키기 위해 토양 물리성 중 적합한 지표를 구명하고 이를 쉽게 측정할 수 있는 방법을 모색하기 위해 시험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 시험에 사용된 삽목용 상토는 황토, 육지모래, 황토와 육지모래를 부피비로 2:8, 5:5, 8:2로 혼합한 것, vermiculite와 perite를 부피비로 5:5로 혼합한 것 그리고 마사토를 사용하였다. 2. 발근률과 모래비율 관계를 회귀분석한 결과 발근율 80% 이상을 얻을 수 있는 모래비율은 묘상삽목, 콘테이너삽목 그리고 종이폿트 삽목에서 각각 63~74%, 64~78%, 63~79% 였다. 3. 회귀분석 결과 상토중 모래비율이 증가함에 따라 삼투계수는 유의적으로 감소하였다. 4. 회귀분석 결과 상토중 모래비율과 삼투계수와 제곱 상관계수 가 0.91로 상토중 모래비율과 침투계수의 제곱상관계수보다 작았지만 삼투계수 측정법은 침투계수 측정법에 비해 도구가 간단하고 짧은 시간에 측정할 수 있어 상토중 모래비율 간이측정에 적합하였다. 5. 차나무 삽목에 적합한 상토의 침투계수는 3~13 min/5.4㎝ 로 추정되었는데 이것은 모래비율 78.3~63.3%과 일치하는 값이다. This experiment was conducted to establish suitable index among the physiological properties of rooting media for tea plant cutting. In this experiment, used rooting media for tea plant cutting were clay (red soil), river sand, river sand+clay mixture (2:8, 5:5, 8:2, v/v), vermiculite+perite miture (5:5, v/v) and sand loam. Separated sand ratio of clay which was measured with separating method were 51.1% and were increased in proportion to amount of river sand. With secondary regressive analysis, suitable separated sand ratio of rooting media which can get more than 80% of rooting ratio were estimated to 63~74%, 64~78% and 63~79% in nursery, container and paper pot cutting respectively. In secondary regressive analysis between separated sand ratio and osmotic coefficient, the osmotic coefficient were algebrically increased in proportion to separated sand ratio (R2 = 0.91). Although this R2 value was lower than that of separated sand ratio and permeability coefficient, measuring of osmotic coefficient was suitable method to select rooting media for tea plant cutting because of their simple instruments and short measuring time. In this experiment, the suitable osmotic coefficient of rooting media for tea plant cutting was 3~13 min/5.4㎝ and this was correspond to 78.3~63.3 % of separated sand ratio.

차나무 2중 해가림 터널식 삽목의 적정 상토깊이 및 월동방법

문윤호(Youn-Ho Moon),송연상(Yeon-Sang Song),정병춘(Byeong-Choon Jeong),한선경(Seon-Kyeong Han),방진기(Jin-Ki Bang) 한국차학회 2008 한국차학회지 Vol.14 No.2

차나무 삽목상의 적정 상토 두께, 삽목상의 온도를 낮추는 방법, 월동방법을 구명하여 우리나라 남부지방에 적합한 2중 해가림 터널식 삽목기술을 개발한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 7월 하순부터 8월 중순까지 1중 해가림 삽목상은 최고온도가 40℃ 이상이 많아 삽수의 발근에 부적합 하였으나 2중 해가림 삽목상의 온도는 23~32℃를 유지하여 차나무 발근에 적합한 온도인 25~30℃에 근접함으로서 발근에 유리한 조건이었다. 2. 육지모래와 황토의 혼합토 및 마사토 모두 상토를 5㎝ 깊이로 설치한 곳에서 발근율이 각각 73.6%, 65.9% 이었다. 10㎝ 에서는 각각 95.0%, 91.7% 이었고 15㎝ 에서는 각각 94.2%, 86.7% 이었으나 10㎝와 15㎝ 간의 유의성이 없었다. 3. 제주도에서는 모든 처리에서 묘목의 동해가 없었고, 무안에서는 1중 비닐터널을 설치한 것에서는 중간정도(3)의 동해가 관찰되었고 2중 비닐터널 설치 및 2중 비닐터널+전열선을 설치한 곳에서는 동해가 없었다. This experiment was conducted to develop "double shading & tunnel type cutting method of tea plant(Cammellia sinensis L.)" suitable for Korean environment by determining of temperature control method during the rooting period, depth of rooting media and wintering method in cutting nursery. The temperature of double shaded cutting nursery during the rooting period were maintained from 23℃ to 32℃ which are optimum for rooting of cutting whereas the temperature of single shaded cutting nursery were reached to 40℃ which was disadvantage condition. The rooting ratio of cutting in 5㎝ nursery in depth amassed by sand+clay or sand loam were 73.6%, 65.9% while 10㎝ were 95.0%, 91.7%, and 15㎝ were 94.2%, 86.7% respectively. Significant difference of rooting ratio were not shown between 10㎝ and 15㎝ nursery in depth. In the experiment of Jeju Island, the frost damage of nursery plants were not observed in all wintering treatments. In the experiment of Muan region, middle degree of frost damage were observed in nursery plant of single plastic tunnel but not observed in nursery plant of double plastic tunnel and doble plastic tunnel + heating element.

수집된 야생 차나무 후대집단의 형태적 특성

송연상(Yeon-Sang Song),문윤호(Youn-Ho Moon),한선경(Seon-Kyeong Han),정병춘(Byeong-Choon Jeong),방진기(Jin-Ki Bang) 한국차학회 2005 한국차학회지 Vol.11 No.2

수집된 야생 차나무 유전자원을 동일포장에 재식한 후 집단 간, 집단 내 형태적 특성과 변이를 조사 분석하였다. 차나무는 집단 간, 집단 내 변이가 매우 크게 나타났는데 특히 신아수, 신아장, 엽면적, 생체중, 엽색의 변이가 컸다. 엽형지수는 2.5±0.3으로 나타났고 잎의 엽록소 함량은 엽차계의 L, b 값과는 역의 상관, a값과는 정의 상관을 보였으며 그 값은 -0.98였다. 신아수와 신아장, 신아당 엽수는 부의 상관이었고 엽폭, 거치수, 엽맥수, 엽병장은 엽장과 유의적인 상관관계가 없고 서로 독립적이었다. 집단간 엽형지수는 보성군 수집집단이 2.50으로 가장 큰 경향을 보였고 무등산 수집집단이 가장 작게 나타났다. 차의 엽색은 월출산 수집집단의 L값이 26.4±7, a값이 -17.2±6.4, b값이 25.1±11.8로 잎이 어두운 농록색을 나타내었으며 보성군 수집집단과 무등산 수집집단은 L값이 높아 잎 표면이 밝은 색이지만 연녹색으로 보이는 계통이 많았다. 월출산 수집집단은 신아장, 엽수, 엽장, 엽면적, 총엽면적, 생체중, 엽색에 있어서 비교우위에 있었고 보성군 수집집단은 신아수, 엽두께에서 우세하였으며 무등산 수집집단은 엽병장, 엽맥수, 거치수에서 우세하였다. The purpose of this study was to improve the understanding of the morphological characteristics and variations on the wild tea germplasm collected from Jeonnam province in 1988. Within the limits of this investigation among the morphological characteristics, many variations were observed in the number of stem, stem length, leaf area, fresh weight and leaf color. Index of leaf shape showed as 2.5±0.3 and chlorophyll contents of tea leaf showed significantly negative correlation with a value of colorimeter as -0.98. Negative correlation was observed in the number of stem and stem length, number of leaf. No correlation was observed in leaf width, number of serration, number of vein and petiole length. Number of shoot in the group collected from Boseong was more abundant than those from Moodeung Mountain and Wolchul Mountain. But the group collected from Wolchul Mt. showed the longest length of shoot among the collected groups. Also, number of leaf per shoot, leaf area, leaf length, and fresh weight were highest in the group collected from Wolchul Mt. The color of tea leaf of the group collected from Wolchul Mt. was more dark green than that from other groups.