金海酸性黃酸鹽土壞에 관한 硏究

하호성 東亞大大學院 1979 국내박사

學校 再配置를 위한 用地適正規模에 관한 硏究 : 서울 地域의 初·中·高校를 中心으로

하호성 建國大學校 1992 국내석사

石灰 施用에 依한 酸性 黃酸鹽 土壤改良에 관한 硏究

하호성 東亞大學校 大學院 1976 국내석사

In order to investigate the effect of lime dressing and percolation treatment in acid sulphate soil a cultivation of rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Was cultivated under the conditions of different amounts of lime application, and to clarify the residual effect of these treatment a cultivation of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. emend, Lamark) Was after-cropped successively. Percolation treament was carried out in pot. In addition, the changes of PH, Eh, NH_(4)-N of the treated soil at the different temperature were estimated. The results are summarized as follows : 1. Rough rice yield was increased from 233㎏/10a without lime application to 327㎏/10a with lime application of above 500㎏/10a in the field trial. 2. Effect of lime application and percolation treatment was evidently showed after the end of July. No. of paniclesl hill and no. of grains/panicle, fertility were increased both in the plots of lime application and percolation treatment. Rough rice yield was estimated 194% increase in Ca 2me/100g, 268%, in Ca 4me/100g, and 315% in Ca 8me/100g with percolation treatments. Comparing to that of Ca 0me/100g without percolation in pot trials. Lime application showed good influence on the control of Helminthosporium leaf spot of rice, the increase of both available phosphate and soluble silicon dioxide, while Fe^(++) ion was decreased. 3. Residual effect of lime and percolation treatment on barley was shown to increase grain yield significantly in the plot of Ca 4 to 8me/100g, while the grain yield in check-plot was not obtainainable. In the condition of above Ca 8me/100g treatment (as estimated PH>5.6) grain yield was increased moderately. And the absorption amounts of inorganic compounds such as SiO_(2), N, and P were decreased and those of Fe and Mn were increased in the check-plot. 4. PH values of ever-irrigated plot were increased with lime application and Eh values were decreased napidly in the initial period of irrigation and moderately decreased after 6days of irrigation under the condition of heavier lime dressing. Eh values estimated after 6days of irrigation in Ca 16me/100g were -10 mv at 20℃ and -70 mv at 30℃. Amount of NH4-N was increased by elongating the period of irrigation and by increasing both temperature and the amount of line dressing.

金海酸性 黃酸鹽土壤에 관한 硏究 : 特히 排水 및 石灰處理가 土壤의 理化學的 性質 및 水稻生育에 미치는 影響을 中心으로

하호성 東亞大學校 大學院 1980 국내박사

Acid sulfate soils in Gimhae contained high sulfur content by accumulation of sulfate originated from seawater and organic matters, and the accumulated sulfate in soil is converted to inorganic acid under oxidative conditions resulting in strong acidic soil pH values of around 4.0, Under such acidic conditions, available phosphate is decreased by high quantity of Al^(+++) and Fe^(++), and the quantity of magnesium is higher than that of calcium. Such soil charactereistics are unfavorable for the growth of crops, therefore soil improvement is demanded. These studies were made to investigate physicochemical properties of the acid sulfate soil in Gimhae and to find out better method of soil improvement for increase of productivity. Following items of experiments are contained in these studies. 1) Analysis of chemical composition of the acid sulfate soil. 2) Effect of percolation and liming on the change of pH, Eh, NH4-N, water soluble iron, exchange able iron, available phosphate and soluble silicate. 3) Change of available phosphate and soluble silicate by addition of phosphate and silicate. 4) Effect of liming and urea addition on the population of such soil microorganisms as fungi, ammonium oxidizing bacteria and sulfur reducing bacteria. 5) Effect of percolation and liming on the yield of paddy rice and barley in pot experiments. 6) Effect of liming and drainage by the balanced type osillating mole drainer on physico chemical characteristics of the soil, and growth and yield of rice in field experiments. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The content of magnesium with 1.4% as magnesium oxide was much higher than calcium with 0.008% calcium oxide in top soil. Such a Ca:Mg-ratio is reverse to that in general paddy soil. Sulfur content was increased and pH value was decreased with the depth of soil horizen. 2. The main components of clay in the acid sulfate soil was observed to be kaolines and followed by illite. 3. Positive correlation was observed between the liming quantity and increase of pH values but negative correlation between the liming quantities and Eh values. The change of pH value during the submerging period of 30 days was not outstanding. Formation of ammonium was increased by increasing liming quantity and temperature. 4. Water soluble ferrous iron was decreased but exchangeable ferrous iron was increased with increase of liming quantity, as compared with those at 20℃ in same submerging period. 5. In dry soil after submerging, available phosphate was increased in early stage of soil submerging and then decreased gradually. Total available phosphate in the soil after submerging was increased by increasing liming quantity and those at 30℃ were higher than those at 20℃. 6. In wet soil after submerging, available phosphate was outstandingly decreased in early stage of soil submerging and start to increase around 14 days of submerging and then decreased gradually both at 0˚ and 30℃ 7. Water soluble silicate in the soil was increased by decreasing liming quantity and by prolonging the submerging time, but reverse tendency was observed in ammonium acetate soluble silicate 8. Population of total microorganism, fungi. ammonium oxidizing bacteria and sulfur reducing bacteria were increased by liming, and rather great differenees of the increasing rate of microorganisms are revealed in accordance with prolonging the submerging time. 9. In pot experiment of percolated plots, the highest yield of rice was obtained with 8 me of calcium per 100g of soil but that was done with 12 me of calcium per 100 of soil in non-percolated plots The yield in percolated plots were higher than that in non-percolated plots comparing the yield at the same level of liming. Liming was observed to affect good influence on the protection of Helminthosporum leaf spots. 10. In pot experiment, percolation and liming during the cultivation of paddy rice showed significant favorable influence on the yield of barley which followed after the cultivation of rice. 11. In field experiment, remarkable yield increase of rice was obtained at the plot of liming with 498 kg of ground lime per 10 a (9 me/100g of soil as calcium), as compared with the yield at non-liming plot. 12. Ferrous iron formation was reduced by mole draining and outstanding reduction was observed in short interval (0.5mm) mole drained plot. Sulfur content of cultivated layer was decreased and aggrigation of soil were improved by mole draining. The yield of rice was increased about 6.5% by mole draining(0.5m) and liming, and 7.2% increase was obtained in the silicate fertilization as compared with the control. And the content of nitrogen and silicate in mole drained plots were higher but the content of iron and sodium were lower than those in control. In rice plant at young panicle formation stage, the content of nitrogen and silicate in mole drained plots were higher but the content of iron and sodium were lower than those in control.

일시적 방광 과신장에 의한 토끼방광의 조직학적 변화

하호성 고신대학교 대학원 2006 국내석사

연구배경 및 목적 : 지금까지 발표된 동물실험들은 대부분 수 시간에 걸쳐 서서히 방광을 과신장 시켜 방광벽 및 그의 연결 신경 변화를 확인하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 만성 척수손상환자의 신경인성 방광 치료에 사용되는 일시적 방광 과신장 이후 방광의 점막층, 점막하층, 근육층에서 일어나는 조직학적 변화를 관찰하고자 하였다. 연구대상 및 방법 : New Zealand white 수컷 토끼 18마리를 대상으로 하여, 요도를 통해 카테타를 삽입한 이후 15분간 방광 과신장을 시켰다. 이후 토끼를 희생시켜 각각 3마리 토끼의 방광 조직을 절취하여 대조군, 손상 직후, 1일후, 3일후, 7일후, 14일후 H-E염색과 면역 조직학 염색인(S-100 단백)을 통해 관찰하였다. 결과 : H-E 염색 ; 점막층에서 괴사소견이나 공포형성은 실험 직후부터 나타나기 시작하여 실험 후 3일 이후 가장 많이 생겼다가 7일 이후는 감소하였고 14일 이후는 관찰되지 않았다. 부종은 근육층과 점막하층 모두에서 실험 직후 생겨 1일째 가장 심했고 3일 이후까지 나타났다. 7일 이후로 근육층과 점막하층에서 섬유화가 시작되었다. 출혈은 실험 후 1일 이후 점막하층에서 나타났지만 3일 이후는 보이지 않았다. 면역 조직학 염색(S-100단백) : 실험 1,3일 이후 S-100 단백면역염색 반응은 정상대조군에 비해 감소되는 양상을 보였으나 실험 7일 이후 부터는 다시 회복되는 양상을 보였고 14일 이후는 정상대조군과 거의 같은 소견을 보였다. 결론 : 일시적인 방광 과신장은 방광의 점막층, 점막하층 및 근육층 뿐 아니라 연결 신경까지 손상을 야기하였으나 방광벽은 7일 이후 연결 신경은 14일 이후 거의 회복되는 양상을 확인 할 수 있었다. Background : Morphological changes of bladder wall and it's innervated nerve after prolong overdistension on bladder wall have been shown by previous studies. Since there is few studies about transient overdistension, this study was focused to investigate morphologic changes after transient overdistension Methods : 18 male New Zealand white rabbit bladder were distended for 15min with catheter. After transient overdistension and were killed, histopathologic studies(H-E stain, S-100 protein stain) were performed in 3 rabbits of the study group at controls, immediate, 1, 3, 7, 14 day. Results : H-E stain ; mucosal necrosis and vacuolization in the mucosa were seen at immediate, most increased after 3 day, decreased after 7 day and disappeared after 14 day. edema was seen at immediate in the submucosa and muscle layer, most increased after 1 day, decreased after 3 day and after 7 day, fibrosis was seen in the submucosa and muscle layer. hemorrage was in submucosa after 1day and disappeared after 3 day. S-100 protein ; expression of S-100 protein was decreased than those of the control group after 1,3 day, recovered after 7 day and almost similar after 14 day. Conclusion : Transient overdistension causes damage to mucosa, submucosa, muscle layer and innervated nerve. Bladder wall however is, almost completely healed within 7 day and innervated nerve healed within 14 day.

산상설교의 가르침과 바리새인 신앙관의 비교연구

하호성 침례신학대학 1986 국내석사

학교 BTL사업 적격성(VFM) 분석을 위한 AHP 활용 및 수선주기·수선율 산정에 관한 연구

하호성 建國大學校 2007 국내박사

영문초록 : The school BTL project is the project method that the private sector recovers its investment cost by investing its funds, builds the school institution with its fund, transferring its ownership right to national government or local government and leasing the school institution to it. according to sec. 4 of the Law on the Private-sector Investment in Social Infrastructure. The Seoul Educational Agency is promoting the project equal to the total project cost of 790,440,200,000won for a total of 79 including 24 newly established 24 schools, 54 improved school buildings, one gymnasium, beginning with the notification of the BTL project on 4 schools other than Jinkwan elementary school in Jun 10, 2005. The biggest problem in the school BTL project can summarized as the following two matters: First, the first problem has been disregarding the quantitative VFM analysis on the school BTL project. To judge whether either of the project carried out by the government or the project invested by the private sector is proper, the VFM(Value for Money) analysis is commonly performed. a judgement should be made by making a comprehensive analysis of the results of the quantitative VFM analysis and the qualitative YFM, But the current guideline is that the results of the quantitative YFM should be allowed to be used as the material for reference, not the material for judgement, until experiential materials are sufficiently accumulated. Second, in the school BTL project, the total cost is composed of the construction cost pertaining to the construction part and the maintenance and repair expenses occurring during the period of operation in a broad sense. But there is not still the guideline for calculating the maintenance and repair expenses for the school facility, and the Housing Law applies to the cycle and rate of apartment repair. Accordingly, this study attempted to present the following two improvements judged to be necessary to make a careful and rational analysis of the propriety of the current school BTL project. For one thing, seeing that the qualitative side as well as the quantitative side should be taken into consideration to get the social consensus of the school BTL project as the national-policy project, this study attempted to use the AHP used as the feasibility study method of the Ministry of Planning and Budget in making a qualitative analysis. For another thing, seeing that the independent standard sufficiently reflecting the characteristics of the school facility as the basic material needed to calculate the maintenance and repair expenses is needed to make a more realistic and valid qualitative VFM analysis of the school BTL project. this study attempted to develop the standard for the repair cycle and rate and economic year of the school facility. As the analytic method to achieve this purpose of study, an attempt was made to conduct a qualitative VFM analysis using AHP over the school BTL project with four schools other than Seoul Jikwan Elementary School finally designated as the first school BTLK project in 2005 by the Seoul Agency of Education as the model for this study. In making a quantitative VFM analysis, this study attempted to investigate the 5-year repair expenses for component materials of 127 school facilities of 151 elementary, middle and high schools located in Seoul. In turn, the questionnaire research was conducted for school managers as regards the repair cycle and rate of 80 major processes. The results of the questionnaire research were processed using SPSS. The results of analyzing a VFM analysis of the school BTL project were summarized and presented as the following three: First, this study attempted to summarize and present four results of the VFM analysis of Jinkwan Elementary School in Seoul: ① As for the school facility BTL project including Seoul Jinkwan Elementary School, many people believed that it was promoted because of the effect of service first and settlement later, not the dimension of budget cut. ② The school BTL project had many positive responses much expected in improving the quality of educational service, but evaluated that it was worse than the financial project in terms of raising the efficiency of school operation which was most important. ③ The school BTL project is legally and institutionally expected as the stable project. But its stability is lower compared to the financial project. And the characteristics such as publicity and security emphasized in the school had a negative effect on the school BTL project and the process of entering into the contract is actually becoming impedimental to the project. ④ Comprehensively, 39% showed the preference for the current BTL project. 32% showed a support for the existing governmental financial method. 29% showed a preference for the partial BTL method that the school building is built by the private capital and its operation follows the existing method. There was a great concern about the educational environment of the lower level than expected as well as the absence of conviction about the school BTL project. Second, the quantitative VFM analysis should be conducted based on the repair cycle and repair rate proper to the school facility, not the residential space, when calculating the maintenance and repair expenses of the operating expenses of the school facility. An attempt was made to calculate the repair cycle, repair rate and economic life of 114 component materials of the school facility judged to be able to explain the school field best. And it was confirmed that the repair and maintenance expenses more is needed to be set by about 35% than the existing maintenance and repair expenses. These findings can be summarized as the following three matters: ① From a position of the government, it is possible to attain the goal of implementing future educational welfare as well as establish the certainty and stability of budget operation currently than in the past. ② From a position of the private investor, the effect that a considerable risk will disappear from financial analysis will be expected. ③ From a position of the educational demander, a new repair cycle and repair rate can remove the concern about the future educational environment to some extent. Third, as the concrete findings of this study, it included the followings: ① presented the qualitative VFM analysis of the school BTL project; ② presented the standard for repair cycle, repair rate and economical life of 114 component materials of the school facility; ③ elicited the level of deterioration and cumulative repair rate of the school facility; ④classified the component materials of the school facility according to the patter of deterioration; ⑤ elicited the standard for inspecting the maintenance and repair of the school facility; and ⑥ calculated the standard for optimal return on investment of the school BTL project. The primary core of this study is ① and ② and the other items are the secondary study results, whose reliability is seen to have some limitation. This study proposed the following four matters to revitalize the school BTL project based on the process and findings of study: First, it is very dangerous to promote the school BTL project only through the quantitative VFM analysis without its qualitative VFM analysis. So the qualitative VFM analysis should compulsorily be conducted, and its method is to make practical use of the AHP technique attempted in this study. Second, the repair cycle and repair rate of the school facility, not those of apartment housing, should be used in making the quantitative VFM analysis of the school BTL project. Third, government should pay greater attention to the part other than the economic aspect in carrying out the school BTL project and the private investor should exercise speciality in predicting accurate maintenance and repair expenses. Fourth, government should make efforts to adjust the standard for PSC so that the return on investment of the private investor may be secured in the school BTL project

고교학점제 학교공간 조성 평가준거 개발 연구 : 학점제운영과 에듀테크를 중심으로

하호성 한국교원대학교 교육정책전문대학원 2022 국내박사

본 연구는 CIPP 평가모형을 적용하여 에듀테크(EduTech)을 활용한 고교학점제 학교공간 조성 평가준거를 개발하고자 하였다. 그 이유는 첫째, 최근의 급격한 학령인구 감소, 에듀테크 발전, 포스트 코로나 시대 도래 등 고교학점제 추진을 둘러싼 미래교육환경 변화에 선제적이고 효율적으로 대응하기 위한 학교공간 조성 평가준거가 필요했기 때문이고, 둘째, 2020 개정 교육과정과 2025 전면 시행을 앞둔 고교학점제는 에듀테크 기반 미래형 교육 구현을 위해 교수·학습 방법 및 학교공간의 재설계가 요구되고 있어 이에 따라 시설·ICT·교육전문가 등의 협업이 한데 어우러진 내용을 포함하는 통합 학교공간 조성 평가준거를 개발해야 했기 때문이다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 다음과 같이 3개의 연구문제를 설정하였다. 첫째, 학점제운영과 에듀테크를 중심으로 고교학점제 학교공간 조성 평가준거의 프레임워크(대영역과 하위영역)와 평가항목의 구축 방법은 무엇인가? 둘째, 고교학점제 학교공간 조성 평가준거의 타당도와 중요도를 위한 델파이(Delphi) 조사 결과는 어떠한가? 셋째, 고교학점제 학교공간 조성 평가준거의 모의평가 결과는 어떠하며 향후 활용방안과 이에 따른 기대효과는 무엇인가? 이러한 연구문제를 해결하기 위해 본 연구에서는 먼저 고교학점제 정책, 고교학점제와 에듀테크(EduTech), 고교학점제와 학교공간 정책(교육환경개선사업, 교과교실제, 학교공간혁신사업, 그린스마트 미래학교 등), 교육프로그램 평가와 CIPP 평가모형 등 4가지 핵심 이론에 대한 국·내외 문헌과 선행연구 및 생산된 공문서 등을 이론적으로 고찰하여 심층 분석한 후 그중 10편의 핵심 자료에서 학점제운영과 에듀테크를 중심으로 고교학점제 학교공간 조성 사업의 정체성을 대표하는 평가항목 86개(평가준거 시안 ver. 1.0)를 개발하였다. 이때 다음과 같은 5가지 평가준거 개발원칙을 준수하였다. 첫째, 일선 학교의 학교장을 비롯해 고교학점제 관련 교직원들뿐만 아니라 시·도교육청의 고교학점제 정책 담당자들, 나아가 정부 또는 지역사회의 고교학점제 관련 정책입안자까지 폭넓게 활용할 수 있도록 광범위하면서도 구체적이고(충분성), 둘째, 서로 다른 평가자들이 정성·정량을 두루 평가하면서도 결과가 일정하게 수렴하도록 규격화되어 있으며(균일성), 셋째, 누구나 학교 현장에서 손쉽게 평가할 수 있도록 이해하기 쉽고 편리한 체크리스트 형식을 취하며(편리성). 넷째, 방사형 그래프로 도출된 평가점수를 통해 CIPP 평가모형의 4가지 범주와 대영역, 하위영역, 평가항목에 이르는 학교공간 조성 단계별로 양호한 영역과 취약한 영역의 상호 비교 분석이 가능하여 향후 예산배정의 우선순위를 선정할 수 있도록 하며(효용성), 다섯째, 기존의 교육환경개선사업 등에 대한 하드웨어 위주의 평가와는 달리 모든 평가항목의 궁극적인 지향점이 고교학점제 정책에 연결되어야 한다(합목적성). 평가항목 개발 다음은 CIPP 평가모형을 적용하여 교육프로그램을 평가한(혹은 평가기준을 개발한) 선행연구 18편을 내용분석법으로 분석하여 고교학점제 학교공간 조성 평가준거 프레임워크(대영역 11개, 하위영역 32)를 개발하였다. 교육프로그램 평가모형에는 목표·관리·수혜자·전문지식·반론·자연적 참여자 지향 등 6개 종류로 대별할 수 있는데 본 연구에서 CIPP 평가모형을 채택한 이유는 이 모형의 평가 결과가 의사 결정자에게 필요한 정보와 자료를 수합하여 제공하기 때문이다. 최초의 고교학점제 학교공간 조성 평가준거 시안(ver. 1.0)은 앞서 개발된 86개 평가항목과, CIPP 평가모형을 적용하여 개발된 프레임워크(대영역 11개, 하위영역 32개)의 결합에 의하여 전체가 완성되었다. 개발된 평가준거 시안(ver. 1.0)은 관련 전문가 22명에 의한 델파이(Delphi) 1차 조사를 거쳐 평가영역(대영역, 하위영역)과 평가항목에 대한 타당도를 각각 검증받았다. 이때 평가준거의 타당성 기준은 내용타당도 비율(CVR)이 0.4 이상이어야 한다. 표준편차가 ‘1’ 이상으로 높은 항목도 가급적 배제하였다. 응답자 답변의 일관성이 의심스럽기 때문이다. 1차 전문위원들의 조사 결과를 반영하여 평가준거의 목적(고교학점제 지원 등)에 어긋나거나(학생들의 성적 관련 문항 등), 현실성이 떨어지는(시설 복합화 등) 내용은 삭제하였으며, 추상적이고 중의적인 문장은 구체적으로 풀어 서술하였고, 에듀테크와 같이 내용이 생소하거나 전문적인 내용은 보충 설명을 별도로 삽입하였다. 델파이(Delphi) 1차 조사를 통해 삭제·수정·보완된 내용은 다시 같은 전문위원 22명에 의해 델파이(Delphi) 2차 조사를 거쳤다. 고교학점제 학교공간 조성 평가준거 대영역의 ‘구체적 범위’에 대한 1차(2차)델파이 조사 통계를 보면, 평균은 상황평가 4.5(4.75), 투입평가 4.0(4.62), 과정평가 4.0(4.5), 산출평가 4.20(4.38)으로 모두 보통 이상인 것으로 나타났고 내용타당도 비율(CVR)은 0.70~1.0(0.90~1.0)의 범위에 있는 것으로 나타나 모든 평가준거는 타당한 것으로 분석되었다. CIPP 평가모형을 적용하여 개발한 평가준거 프레임워크의 상황평가 차원의 대영역은 C1. 교육적 요구, C2. 사전준비로, 투입평가 차원의 대영역은 I1. 운영조직, I2. 수업계획, I3. 공간디자인계획, I4. 교육환경계획으로 구성하였고, 과정평가 대영역은 P1. 교육과정 운영, P2. 교수학습활동, P3. 교육환경활용으로, 산출평가 대영역은 R1. 성과, R2. 환류체제로 구성하였다. 또한 하위영역에 대한 델파이(Delphi) 1차(2차) 조사 결과 평균은 상황평가 4.3(4.65), 투입평가 4.57(4.78), 과정평가 4.3(4.57), 산출평가 4.61(4.74)로 모두 보통 이상으로 나타났고, 내용타당도 비율(CVR) 역시 0.60~1.0(0.70~1.0)으로 모두 타당한 것으로 나타났다. 평가문항은 최초의 시안(ver.1.0)으로 상황평가 12개, 투입평가 36개, 과정평가 25개, 산출평가 13개로 총 86개 문항을 개발하였으나 전문위원의 1, 2차 델파이(Delphi) 조사를 거쳐 상황평가 9개, 투입평가는 30개, 과정평가는 22개, 산출평가 13개, 총 74개로 12개 평가문항을 줄여 예비 평가준거(ver. 2.0)를 선정하였다. 평가문항에 대한 1, 2차 델파이(Delphi) 조사 통계를 보면 총 74개 평가문항 모두 타당하고(1차 조사, 타당도) 중요한 것(2차 조사, 중요도)으로 나타났다. 예비 평가준거(ver. 2.0)를 토대로 모의평가 실시를 위한 문항별 평가방법(문서, 설문, 문답, 관찰 등)과 판단준거에 대해 학교관계자(교감, 행정실장, 교사)와의 초점집단면접(FGI)를 통해 사전에 결정하였다. 예비 평가준거(ver. 2.0)과 문항별 평가방법 및 판단준거를 토대로 고교학점제 연구대상 학교 중 1개 학교(A고)는 현장 방문하여 총72개(총 74개 중 2개 삭제) 평가문항 중 50개 문항에 대해 모의평가를 실시하였고, 나머지 22문항은 전국 우수사례 학교 20여개 학교(중복 포함)를 대상으로 문헌에 의한 모의평가를 실시하여 실제 활용도를 파악하였으며, 그중 내용 중복 등의 특별한 이상이 발견된 2개 평가문항을 삭제하여 12개 대영역, 31개 하위영역, 72개 평가문항으로 최종 평가준거(ver. 3.0)를 확정하고 향후 본 평가준거의 활용방안 등을 논의하였다. 이번 모의평가에서 얻어진 최종 결과는 360점 만점에 총 305점, 평균점수 4.24를 얻어 평가기준을 ‘중족’한 것으로 나타나 본 평가준거가 현장 평가에 적용성이 있음을 확보하였다. 본 연구가 가진 선행연구와의 차별성은 첫째, 고교학점제라는 교육정책과 학교공간 조성이라는 교육시설환경정책, 그리고 에듀테크(EduTech)라는 교육정보화정책의 최초의 통합 평가준거 개발이라는 점이다. 둘째, 본 평가준거는 고교학점제 지원이라는 철저한 합목적성을 가진다는 점이다. 본 평가준거에서 학생 성적 향상과 같은 정책 목표나 최근 중요성이 부각되는 학교시설 복합화 등이 배제된 이유이다. 셋째, 본 평가준거는 일선학교 현장 활용성에 초점을 맞춰 개발되었다는 점이다. 본 평가준거의 5가지 기본원칙, 즉 충분성, 균일성, 편리성, 효용성, 합목적성에서도 잘 나타나 있지만 본 평가준거는 평가방식의 단순화를 지향하였다. 총 평가문항 72개에 한 문항당 5점 만점으로 총360점을 만점으로 하되, 이번 모의평가 결과에서와 같이 정성적 항목과 정량적 항목 공히 균등 배점을 통해 평가할 수 있도록 개발하였다. 일테면 정성적인 부분은 평가방법을 설문 형식으로 보완하여 이를 계량화하는 식이다. 넷째, 본 평가준거는 CIPP 평가모형의 내용분석법을 통한 평가준거 프레임워크 개발과 문헌(선행논문 및 정책자료) 연구를 통한 평가항목 개발의 결합이라는 새로운 평가준거 개발방식을 선보였다는 점이다. 다섯째, 본 연구에서 채택한 CIPP 평가모형은 고교학점제 학교공간 조성 평가준거 개발에 최적화된 결과를 가져다 주었다는 점이다. 현재의 고교학점제는 2025년 전면 시행을 앞둔 준비단계이다. 향후 고교학점제의 항구적 정착에는 수많은 난제들이 쌓여있다. 이들을 해결하기 위해서는 구조적인 접근방법이 필요하다는 의미이다. CIPP 평가모형은 그런 의미에서 매우 체계적이며 효율적이고 자기방어적이다. 상황-투입-과정-산출의 4단계가 마치 맥락의 기승전결처럼 일목요연하여 어느 단계에서 들여다봐도 결과가 달라지지 않는 일관성있다. 이런 장점은 정책의 의사결정권자에게는 매우 유익하다. 판단하고 행동하기가 쉽고 그 결과 또한 안정적이기 때문이다. 이러한 이유에서 CIPP 평가모형으로 개발된 본 평가준거는 일선학교에는 물론 정책입안자에게 두루 효과적인 정보를 제공할 것으로 기대된다는 점에게 시사하는 바가 크다 하겠다.

Antibiotic resistance mechanism and epidemiology of Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infection : 요로 감염 유발 대장균의 항균제 내성기전과 역학

하호성 고신대학교 대학원 2008 국내박사

배경 : Extended-spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL) 등 plasmid에 매개되는 다액제 내성 유전자의 확산은 임상적으로 심각한 위협이 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 요로감염 환자에서 분리된 Escherichia coli의 ESBL 생성 현황과 이들 세균의 AmpC b-lactamases, qnr, AAC(6’)-lb-cr 및 16S rRNA methylase 동시생성 현황을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 2005년 국내 한 대학병원에서 분리된 임상검체 유래 E. coli 264주를 대상으로 하였다. 항균제 감수성은 디스크 확산법과 한천희석법으로 시험하였으며, ESBL 생성은 double-disk synergv (DDS) 시험으로 확인하였다. PCR로 ESBL, AmpC β-lactamase, Qnr, AAC(6’)-lb-cr 및 16S rRNA methylase 유전자를 검출하였으며, 염기서열 분석을 통하여 유전형을 확인하였다. 결과 : 총 264주 중 27주(10.2%)가 DDS 양성이었다. 가장 흔한 ESBL은 CTX-M-15(15주)였으며, CMY-10 및 DHA-1 AmpC β-lactamase는 2주와 1주에서 각각 검출되었다. ESBL 생성 균주 모두는 qnr 혹은 aac(6’)-lb-cr 유전자 보유 여부에 상관없이 ciprofloxacin에 내성이었다. 또한 ESBL 생성 균주 5주에서 16S rRNA methylase 유전자가 검출되었으며, 이들 5주 모두는 amikacin에 중간 혹은 내성이었다. ESBL 생성균주 대부분은 phylogenetic group B2 (14주, 51.9%) 혹은 D (7주, 25.9%)에 속하였다. 결론 : 본 연구의 결과는 요로감염 유발 E. coli의 ESBL 생성률이 증가하였으며, 이들 균주가 다른 항균제 내성유전자를 동시에 지닌 경우가 흔함을 보여준다. Background : Spread of plasmid containing multidrug-resistance determinants including ESBL genes has become the new emerging threat. The aim of the present study was to describe the characteristics and epidemiology of ESBL-producing urinary E. coli isolates from a Korean hospital, and to determine the preγalence of genes encoding AmpC β-lactamases, qnr, AAC(6’)-Ib-cr, and 16S rRNA methylase in their ESBLs producing strains. Methods : A total of 264 nonrepeat clinical isolates of E. coli connected fromurinary samples in Korean hospital in 2005. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined by disk diffusion and agar dilution methods, confirmation of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)producing isolates was performed using double-disk synergy (DDS) test. Genes coding for ESBL, AmpC β-lactamases, Qnr, AAC(6’)-Ib-cr and 16S rRNA methylases were detectedby PCR amplification, and the PCR products were then subjected to direct sequencing. Results : The DDS test detected ESBLs in 27 (10.2%) of 264 isolates. The most common type of ESBL was CTX-M-15 (n=14). PCR experiments detected genes encoding CMY-10 and DHA-1 AmpC β-lactarnases in two and one isolates, respectively. All the ESBL-producing isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, irrespective of the presence of qnr or aac(6’)-Ib-cr genes. Genes encoding 16S rRNA methylases were dectected in five ESBL-producing E. coli, and they were resistant or intermediate to amikacin. Most of ESBL-producing isolates were within to phylogenetic group B2 (n=14, 51.9%) and D (n=7, 25.9%). Conculusion : The results showed that the prevalence of ESBLs in urinary E. coli isolateshas increased, and they carried multidrug resistance genes, simultaneously.