Magnetite and Scheelite-Bearing Skarns in Ulsan Mine, Korea

최선규,이마이 나오야,Choi, Seon-Gyu,Imai, Naoya The Korean Society of Economic and Environmental G 1993 자원환경지질 Vol.26 No.1

경상분지 남동부에 위치한 울산광산은 석회암을 교대한 전형적인 calcareous skarn강상으로 Fe W광화작용 이외에도 Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Bi, Ni, Co, Cr, Ag, Sn, In, Te, Sb 등이 수반되는 다금속광화작용의 특성을 보여주고 있다. 본 광상은 직립에 가까운 파이프상 광체로 산출되며, 자철석과 함께 북측의 혼펠스와의 경계부근에 회중석이 부분적으로 광염되어 있다. 본 광상의 스카른대는 석회암 및 혼펠스를 교대한 괴상 스카른과 양자를 각기 절단하는 맥상스카른으로 구분된다. 괴상스카른은 석회암 기원의 스카른이 주체를 이루며, 이러한 스카른대는 규회석 스카른, 석류석 스카른, 단사휘석-석류석 스카른, 단사휘석 스카른으로 분류되며, 부분적으로 스카른대 주변부를 따라 거정질 방해석대가 존재하고 있다. 스카른 진화과정은 초기스카른 및 후기스카른의 두 시기로 분류되며, 초기스카른은 prograde한 스카른 생성시기로 초기에는 규회석, Mg-rich 단사휘석, Al-rich garnet가 주로 정출되며 광석광물은 거의 불모한 시기이나, 초기스카른의 말기로 진행됨에 따라 자철석과 회중석이 정출된다. 그리고, 후기스카른의 전반기까지는 Fe-rich 단사휘석, Fe-rich garnet와 함께 자철석 회중석이 연속적으로 정출되었으나, 후기스카른의 중기부터는 Ni, Co, As, Cu, Zn, Fe, Bi 등의 황화광물이 정출되는 다금속광화 작용의 특정을 보인다. 또한, 최후기 열수작용시기에는 섬아연석과 방연석 등의 Base-metal 황화광물이 주로 정출되는 연 아연 광화작용의 양상을 나타낸다. 이러한 각 광화시기별 스카른 광물과 광석광물의 변화양상은 고온의 열수용액이 천부로 유출되는 과정에서 광화용액의 온도가 급격히 떨어진 결과 (telescope)에 기인된 것으로 사료된다. The Ulsan Fe-W deposit, which can be classified as a calcareous skarn deposit, is represented by ore pipe consisting principally of magnetite and lesser amounts of scheelite with minor sulphides, sulphosaits, arsenides, sulpharsenides, etc. At Ulsan mine, metasomatic processes of skarn growth may be divided broadly into two stages based on the paragenetic sequence of calc-silicate minerals and their chemical composition; early and late skarn stages. Early stage has started with the formation of highly calcic assemblages of wollastonite, diopsidic clinopyroxene and nearly pure grossular, which are followed by the formation of clinopyroxenes with salite to ferrosalite composition and grandite garnets with intermediate composition. Based on these calc-silicate assemblages, the temperatures of early skarn formations have been in the ranges of $550^{\circ}$ to $450^{\circ}$. The calc-silicate assemblages formed during the earlier half period of late skarn stage show the enrichment of notable iron and slight manganese, and the depletion of magnesium; clinopyroxenes are hedenbergitic, and grandite garnets are andraditic. The formation temperatures during this skarn stage are inferred to have been in the range of $430^{\circ}$ to $470^{\circ}C$ at low $X_{CO_2}$ by data from fluid inclusions of late andraditic garnets. The later half period of late skarn stage is characterized by the hydrous alteration of pre-existing minerals and the formation of hydrous silicates. The main iron-tungsten mineralization representing prominent deposition of magnetite immediately followed by minor scheelite impregnation has taken place at the middle of early skarn stage, while complex polymetallic mineralization has proceeded during and after the late skarn stage. Various metals and semimetals of Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Ag, In, Sn, Sb, Te, Pb and Bi have been in various states such as native metal, sulphides, arsenides, sulphosaits, sulpharsenides and tellurides.

한국 백악기 주요 금속광상의 예측 탐사 : W-Mo 광화작용을 중심으로

최선규,강정극,이종현,Choi, Seon-Gyu,Kang, Jeonggeuk,Lee, Jong Hyun 대한자원환경지질학회 2019 자원환경지질 Vol.52 No.5

한반도에서 중생대 화성활동은 주로 트라이아스기 후-충돌대형, 쥐라기 조산대형 그리고 후기 백악기 후-조산대형 화성활동으로 대표되며, 각 지질시대별 광화작용의 다양성은 마그마의 지화학적 특성과 함께 정치 심도의 차별성에서 유도된 서로 다른 지열수계로부터 발생하게 되었다. 백악기 금속광화작용은 후-조산대형 천부 화성활동과 관련된 약 115~45 Ma(주 광화기; 약 100~60 Ma)의 광범위한 기간에 걸쳐서 진행되었으며, 대부분 금속광상은 소규모 암주형 화강암체를 따라 집중되는 공간적 배태양상을 보인다. 경기육괴와 영남육괴에서 후기 백악기 금속광상은 전반적으로 공주-음성 단층계와 영동-광주 단층계 및 경상분지의 경계부를 따라 분포하며, 대부분 원지성 천열수~중열수 Au-Ag 맥상 광상 또는 점이성 중열수 Zn-Pb-Cu 맥상 광상으로 산출되고 있다. 반면에 태백산분지, 옥천대 및 경상분지에서는 스카른형, 탄산염교대형, 열수충진형 맥상, 반암형, 각력 파이프형, 칼린형 광상과 같은 다양한 광상 유형으로부터 상이한 금속종이 산출되고 있다. 후기 백악기 금속광화작용은 지역에 따라 광화유체의 유동성 차이뿐만 아니라, 관계 화강암의 근접성 차이에서 나타나는 침전 환경의 차별성으로부터 다양한 광상유형 및 광종이 유도되었다. 백악기 광상 유형의 다양성은 근본적으로 관계화성암의 분화도 및 산화도와 같은 지화학적 특성에 따라 좌우되지만, 광화유체는 전반적으로 중간황형~저황형(intermediate~low sulfidation) 열수의 진화 특성을 보인다. The Mesozoic activity on the Korean Peninsula is mainly represented by the Triassic post-collisional, Jurassic orogenic, and Cretaceous post-orogenic igneous activities. The diversity of mineralization by each geological period came from various geothermal systems derived from the geochemical characteristics of magma with different emplacement depth. The Cretaceous metallic mineralization has been carried out over a wide range of time periods from ca. 115 to 45 Ma (main stage; ca. 100 to 60 Ma) related to post-orogenic igneous activity, and spatial distribution patterns of most metal deposits are concentrated along small granitic stocks. The late Cretaceous metal deposits in the Gyeonggi and Yeongnam massifs are generally distributed along the boundary among the Gongju-Eumseong fault system and the Yeongdong-Gwangju fault system and the Gyeongsang Basin, most of them are in the form of a distal epithermal~mesothermal Au-Ag vein or a transitional mesothermal Zn-Pb-Cu vein. On the other hand, diverse metal commodities in the Taebaeg Basin, the Okcheon metamorphic belt and the Gyeongsang Basin are produced from various deposit types such as skarn, carbonate-replacement, vein, porphyry, breccia pipe, and Carlin type. In the late Cretaceous metallic mineralization, various mineral deposits and commodities were induced not only by the pathway of the hydrothermal solution, but also by the diversity of precipitation environment in the proximity difference of the granitic rocks. The diversity of these types of Cretaceous deposits is fundamentally dependent on the geochemical characteristics such as degree of differentiation and oxidation state of related igneous rocks, and ore-forming fluids generally exhibit the evolutionary characteristics of intermediate- to low-sulfur hydrothermal fluids.

Petrochemical Study of the Gadaeri Granite in Ulsan Area, Kyeongsang Province

최선규,위수민,Choi, Seon-Gyu,Wee, Soo-Meen The Korean Society of Economic and Environmental G 1994 자원환경지질 Vol.27 No.5

울산지역에 분포하는 가대리 화강암체는 울산 철 텅그스텐 광화작용의 관계화성암으로서 전형적인 미문상조직을 보여주며, 칼크-알칼리 계열과 I-type화강암류의 지화학적 특성을 나타내고 있다. 가대리화강암은 물이 포화된 상태에서 0.5~2.0 kbar의 압력조건하에서 생성된 것으로 이는 천부에서의 분별결정에 기인된 것으로 화학성분의 분화는 대부분 알칼리 장석의 분별결정작용으로 이루어졌다. 경상분지 최남단에 분포하며 철광화작용과 관련된 미문상화강암체인 마산-김해 화강암체와 가대리화강암제는 미량성분의 화학조성을 비교해볼때 전혀다른 모마그마에서 분화되었음올 시사해준다. The Gadaeri granite near Ulsan mine is an oval-shape isolated granitic body, and is genetically related to the iron-tungsten mineralization. The Gadaeri granite exhibits calc-alkaline and I-type characteristics, and generally shows the micrographic texture which indicates the shallow depth of emplacement. Consideration of the stratigraphic thickness of Ulsan formation and minimum-melt compositions suggests that the bulk magma crystallized at pressure of 0.5~2.0 kbar under water saturated condition. The evolutionary trend observed in the studied rocks represents that feldspar fractional crystallization has been a major magmatic process at the Gadaeri granite pluton. Different chemical characteristics between the Gadaeri and the Masan-Kimhae granites cannot be explained by fractional crystallization or different degrees of partial melting, and it reflects that the magma source for Gadaeri granite was different from that of the Masan and Kimhae granites.

스카른 잠두 광체 예측을 위한 아연-연 광상 성인의 재검토

최선규,최부갑,안용환,김태형,Choi, Seon-Gyu,Choi, Bu-Kap,Ahn, Yong-Hwan,Kim, Tae-Hyeong 대한자원환경지질학회 2009 자원환경지질 Vol.42 No.4

태백산 광화대는 Zn Pb W Fe Cu Mo Ag Au와 같은 금속이 다량 수반되는 국내에서 가장 중요한 광화대로서 다양한 광상유형이 배태되고 있다. 이러한 광상 유형은 스카른 광상, 열수교대 광상, 중열수 맥상 광상, 칼린 광상으로 시 공간적 측면에서 반암형 광화작용과 밀접한 연관성을 보이고 있다. 태백산 광화대에서 천부 마그마-열수시스템은 고태평양 판의 북서 방향의 섭입과 관련된 불국사 화성활동(약 $110{\sim}50\;Ma$)과 연계되어 있다. 특히 국내에서 대표적인 아연-연 스카른 광상인 제2연화, 신예미, 울진 광상과 열수교대 광상인 장군 광상 그리고 중간 혼합형(스카른/열수교대 혼합형)에 속하는 제1연화 광상을 대상으로 금속비, 광물조합 및 생성환경을 비교하여, 광화유체의 진화에 따른 특성을 검토하였다. 이러한 광상 유형의 금속비는 관계 화강암체의 근원물질로부터 온도 하강에 따라 중간형 황 조건에서 저황 조건으로 변화하는 정출환경을 시사하고 있으며, 다금속 광화작용시 각 광산별 공간적 근접성에 기인한 유체의 진화단계 차이를 반영하고 있다. The Taebaeksan mineralized province, which is the most important one in South Korea, is rich in zinc-lead-tungsten-iron-copper-molybdenum-silver-gold mineral resources and has a diversity of deposit styles. These deposits principally coexist in time and space with porphyry-related epigenetic deposit such as skarn, hydrothermal replacement, mesothermal vein, and Carlin-like deposits. The magmatic-hydrothermal systems in the Taebaek fold belt is genetically characterized by the Bulguksa subvolcanic rocks(ca. $110{\sim}50\;Ma$) related to northwestward subduction of the paleo-Pacific Plate. The most important zinc-lead deposits in the area are the Uljin, Yeonhwa II and Shinyemi skarn, the Janggun hydrothermal replacement, and the Yeonhwa I intermediate-mixed (skarn/hydrothermal replacement) ones. In the present study, we present a compilation of metal production and mineral assemblage of the zinc-lead deposits. The metal difference of deposit styles in the area indicates a cooling path from intermediate-sulfidation to low-sulfidation state in the polymetallic hydrothermal system, reflecting spatial proximity to a magmatic source.

Genetic Environments of Hydrothermal Vein Deposits in the Pacitan District, East Java, Indonesia

최선규,소칠섭,최상훈,한진균,Choi, Seon-Gyu,So, Chil-Sup,Choi, Sang-Hoon,Han, Jin-Kyun The Korean Society of Economic and Environmental G 1995 자원환경지질 Vol.28 No.2

인도네시아 빠찌딴 광화대 동-아연 광상은 금 또는 연 광화작용을 수반하여 동부자바 Southern Mountain zone내 제3기 퇴적암류와 화산암류의 열극을 충진한 열수 석영 백상광체로 까시한(Kasihan), 점퐁(Jompong), 금뽈(Gempol) 지역에 밀집 분포한다. 주 광화시기의 광석광물로는 황철석, 황동석, 섬아연석, 방연석 등이 각 지역별로 특징적인 광석광물들과 공생관계로 보이며 산출한다. 즉 까시한 지역의 경우 초기 공생광물군으로써 황철석 자류철석 철함유량이 높은(약 20 mole % FeS) 섬아연석과 Au 함량이 매우높은 (91.4 to 94.0 atomic % Au) 에렉트럼 및 (Cu-)Pb-Bi계 유염광물 등이 산출하며, 점퐁지역은 황철석, 유비철석(29.5~30.3 atomic % As), 섬아연석 등이 공생관계를 보여주며 산출된다. 반면, 금뽈지역의 경우 황철석, 자철석, 적철석 등의 초기 산출이 특징적이다. 광석광물의 침전은 0.8~10.1 wt. % NaCl 상당염농도를 갖는 광화유체로부터 약 $350^{\circ}C$에서 약 $200^{\circ}C$에 걸쳐 진행되었으며, 까시한 및 점퐁지역의 경우 초기 광화유체의 비등현상과 이에 수반된 냉각 회석 작용에 기인한 광액 진화에 의하여, 금뽈지역의 경우 천수의 유입에 의한 냉각 희석작용이 우세하게 진행된 광액 진화에 기인하여 야기되었다. 광화유체의 비등현상 및 유체포유물 연구결과에 근거한 빠찌딴 광화대 주 광화시기의 압력조건은 약 (${\geq}95{\sim}255$ bars로, 까시한($\approx$ 140~255 bar) $\rightarrow$ 점퐁 ($\approx$ 120~170 bar) $\approx$ 금뽈 (${\geq}95$ bar)의 순으로 광화대내 지역별 상대적인 광화심도 차이가 확인된다. 광물공생관계를 이용한 열역학적 연구결과, 온도감소에 따른 유황분압의 변화와 산소분압 조건이 각 지역별로 상이함은 광화대내 각 지역별 열수계에서 상기 광화심도에 관련한 천수의 역할(water/rock 비등)차이에 기인된 결과로 해석된다. 유체내 산소 및 수소안정동위원소 연구결과, 이들 동위원소 값이 광화작용의 진행과 함께 점차 감소함은 상대적으로 낮은 water/rock 비 값은 갖는 환경하에서 동위원소 교환반응을 이뤄 평형상태에 이른 광화초기 열수계내에 광화작용의 진행과 함께 산화상태의 차갑고 동위원소적 교환반응이 적게 이뤄진 천수의 혼입이 점증하였음을 지시하며, 각 지역별 동위원소비 값의 차이는 광화심도에 관련된 water/rock비 및 동위원소 교환반응차 등에 의한 결과로 사료된다. The hydrothermal vein type deposits which comprise the Kasihan, Jompong and Gempol mineralized areas are primarily copper and zinc deposits, but they are also associated with lead and/or gold mineralization. The deposits occur within the Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks in the Southern Mountain zone of the eastern Java island, Indonesia. Mineralization can be separated into two or three distinct stages (pre-and/or post- ore mineralization stages and main ore mineralization stage) which took place mainly along pre-existing fault breccia zones. The main phase of mineralization (the main ore stage) can be usually classified into three substages (early, middle and late) according to ore mineral assemblages, paragenesis, textures and their chemical compositions. Ore mineralogy and paragenesis of the three areas in the district are different from each other. Pyrite, pyrrhotite (/arsenopyrite), iron-rich (up to 20.5 mole % FeS) sphalerite and (Cu-)Pb-Bi sulfosalts are characteristic of the deposits in the Kasihan (/Jompong) area. On the other hand, pyrite + hematite + magnetite + iron-poor (2.7 to 3.6 mole % FeS) sphalerite assemblage is restricted to the Gempol area. Fluid inclusion data suggest that fluids of the main ore stage evolved from initial high temperatures (near $350^{\circ}C$) to later lower temperatures (near $200^{\circ}C$) with salinities ranging from 0.8 to 10.1 equiv. wt. percent NaCl. Each area represents a separate hydrothermal system: the mineralization at Kasihan and Jompong were largely due to early fluid boiling coupled with later cooling and dilution, whereas the mineralization at Gempol was mainly resulted from cooling and dilution by an influx of cooler meteoric waters. Fluid inclusion evidence of boiling indicates that pressures of ${\geq}95$ to 255 bars (${\geq}95$ bars for the Gempol area: $\approx$ 120 to 170 bars for the Jompong area: $\approx$ 140 to 255 bars for the Kasihan area) during portions of main ore stage mineralization. Equilibrium thermodynamic interpretation indicates that the evolution trends of the temperature versus fS2 variation of ore stage fluids in the Pacitan district follow two fashions: ore fluids at Kasihan and Jompong changed from the pyrite-pyrrhotite sulfidation stage towards pyritehematite- magnetite state, whereas those at Gempol evolved nearly along pyrite-hematite-magnetite reaction curve with decreasing temperature. The sulfur isotope compositions of sulfide minerals are consistent with an igneous source of sulfur with a ${\delta}^{34}S_{{\Sigma}s}$ value of about 3.3 per mil. The oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of the fluids in each area indicate a progressive shift from the dominance of highly exchanged meteoric water at early hydrothermal systems towards an un- or less-exchanged meteoric water at later hydrothermal systems.

Compositional Variations of Arsenopyrite from Gold-Silver Deposits in Korea

최선규,최인식,Choi, Seon-Gyu,Choi, In-Sik The Korean Society of Economic and Environmental G 1998 자원환경지질 Vol.31 No.2

한국의 금은광화작용은 쥬라기 대보화성활동 (121~183 Ma) 및 백악기 불국사화성활동 (60~110 Ma)과 밀접한 연관성을 보이며, 이러한 열수광맥형 금은 광산에서 산출된 유비철석은 광물공생관계 또는 생성환경에 따라 현저한 조성 변화를 나타내고 있다. 쥬라기 금광단일형 광상에서 산출된 유비철석은 비교적 높은 As함량 (29.68~33.46 atomic %)으로 균질한 조성을 나타내며, 유비철석 지질온도계에 적용하면 생성온도 및 유황분압은 $370{\sim}450^{\circ}C$와 $10^{-8}{\sim}10^{-6}$이다. 또한 백악기 금은혼합형 광상과 은광단일형 광상의 유비철석을 쥬라기 광상에 비하여 상대적으로 심한 조성변화 (27.47~32.74 atomic %)를 보이며, $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ 및 $10^{-12}{\sim}10^{-10}$의 환경 조건하에서 정출된 것으로 추정된다. 한편, 금은광맥의 산출상태, 유비철석 지질온도계, 에렉트럼-섬아연석 지질온도계, 유체포유물 연구자료 및 화성암의 정체심도 등을 종합적으로 비교검토한 결과, 쥬라기 금광화작용 (Group IIA)은 심부조건 (약 4~5 kbar)에서 $300{\sim}500^{\circ}C$의 정출환경에서 진행되었지만, 백악기 금은광화작용 (Group III, IV, V)은 1 kbar 미만의 천부조건하에서 $170{\sim}370^{\circ}C$의 온도조건하에서 형성된 것으로 사료된다. The gold-silver mineralizations in Korea are closely related to Jurassic Daebo igneous activity (121 and 183 Ma) and Cretaceous Bulgugsa igneous activity (60 and 110 Ma). A compilation and re-evaluation of chemical data in arsenopyrite suggest that the As contents vary, reflecting different genetic environments or mineral assemblages. The gold-silver vein deposits from various mineralized area were investigated using arsenopyrite geothermometer. Arsenopyrites from the Jurassic Au-dominant deposits are distinct by high As contents (29.68~33.46 atomic %) with narrow variations, equivalent to a temperature range of $370{\sim}450^{\circ}C$ and a sulfur fugacity of about $10^{18}-10^{-6}$ atm. On the contrary, arsenopyrites from the Cretaceous Au-Ag and Ag-dominant deposits show a wider range in atomic % As composition of 27.47-32.74. They may have formed at temperatures of $250{\sim}350^{\circ}C$ and about $f_{S_2}=10^{-12}-10^{-10}$ atm. The data of arsenopyrite geothermometer, electrum-sphalerite geothermometer, fluid inclusions, vein morphology and emplacement depth of igneous rocks indicate that the gold mineralizations of Group IIA occurred at temperatures between 300 and $500^{\circ}C$ at depth of several tens km or more (about 4-5 kbar), and the gold-silver deposits of Groups III, IV and V were formed at a temperature range of about $170{\sim}370^{\circ}C$ under the shallow environment (<1 kbar).

충청북도(忠淸北道) 영동지역(永同地域) 금은광상(金銀鑛床)의 금은광화작용(金銀鑛化作用)에 관한 연구(硏究)

최선규,지세정,박성원,Choi, Seon Gyu,Chi, Se Jung,Park, Sung Won 대한자원환경지질학회 1988 자원환경지질 Vol.21 No.4

Most of the gold (-silver) vein deposits at Yeongdong District are mainly distributed in the precambrian metamorphic rocks. Based on the Ag/Au total production and ore grade ratios, the chemical composition of electrum and the associated sulfides, the gold(-silver) deposits at Yeongdong District may be classified into 4 classes: pyrrhotite - type gold deposits( I), pyrite - type gold deposits (IT A; massive vein), pyrite - type gold deposits (II B; nonmassive vein) and argentite - type gold - silver deposits(III). The chemical study on electrum(including native gold) revealed that Au content (2.8 to 92.4 atomic%) of electrums varies very widely for different classes of deposits. The Au content of electrum associated with pyrrhotite (Class I), ranging from 47.1 to 92.4 atomic% Au, is clearly higher than that associated with pyrite (Classes IIA, IIB and III). In contrast, classes I, II, and III deposits do not show clear differences in Au content of electrum. In general, pyrrhotite - type gold deposits(I) are characterized by features such as simply massive vein morphology, low values in the Ag/Au total production and ore grade ratios, the absence or rarity of silver - bearing minerals except electrum, and distinctively simple mineralogy. Although the geological and mineralogical features and vein morphology of pyrite - type gold deposits(IIA)are very similar to those of pyrrhotite - type gold deposits (I), Class II A deposits reveal significant differences in the associated iron sulfide (i. e. pyrite) with electrum and Au content of electrum. The Ag/Au total production and ore grade ratios from Class II A deposits are relatively slightly higher than those from Class I deposits. Pyrite - type gold deposits(II B) and argentite - type gold - silver deposits (III) have many common features; complex vein morphology, medium to high values in the Ag/Au total production and ore grade ratios and the associated iron sulfide (i. e. pyrite). In contrast to Class II B deposits, Class III deposits have significantly high Ag/Au total production and ore grade ratios. It indicates distinct difference in the abundance of silver minerals (i. e. native silver and argentite). The fluid inclusion analyses and mineralogical data of electrum tarnish method indicate that the gold mineralization of Classes I and II A deposits was deposited at temperatures between $230^{\circ}$ and $370^{\circ}C$, whereas the gold (-silver) mineralization of Classes ITB and ill formed from the temperature range of $150^{\circ}-290^{\circ}C$. Therefore, Classes I and IT A deposits have been formed at higher temperature condition and/or deeper positions than Classes IIB and III.

충청도(忠淸道) 동북부(東北部) 태창(泰昌)·보연(寶蓮), 금왕(金旺) 광산(鑛山)의 금은광화작용(金銀鑛化作用)

최선규,박노영,박성원,Choi, Seon Gyu,Park, No Young,Park, Sung Won 대한자원환경지질학회 1986 자원환경지질 Vol.19 No.no.spc

A number of auriferous veins occur in the Precambrian metamorphic terrain from Chungju to Mugeug district. These gold (-silver) deposits consist mainly of the fissure-filling quartz veins intruding the Precambrian gneiss or schist and Jurassic or Cretaceous granite. These gold (-silver) deposits can be 'divided into two mineralization epochs, (a) gold-rich veins related to Daebo igneous activity, and (b) gold-silver veins related to Bulgugsa igneous activity. These two groups of ore deposits with different generation can be characterized by the mode of occurrence of ore vein and the ore mineral associations. The auriferous quartz veins of Taechang and Boryeon mines associated with late Jurassic igneous activity are massive in character, and show the simple mineral assemblages and low Ag/Au ratio in the ores, representing a single mineralization system. The ore minerals are predominantly quartz containing minor or trace amonts of pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite and electrum. Electrum is closely associated with pyrrhotite and has chemical compositions from 61.4 to 78.5 atomic % Au. Fluid inclusion data suggest that ore minerals were deposited at temperatures between 238 and $390^{\circ}C$ from $CO_2$-rich fluids. The gold and/or silver-bearing quartz veins of Geumwang mine related to middle Cretaceous igneous activity are characterized by the multistage history, diverse mineral assemblages with high Ag/Au ratio in the ores. The ores of Geumwang mine have two contrasting mineral assemblages (1) pyrite+galena+sphalerite+arsenopyrite+electrum+argentite, representing the higher gold mineralization, and (2) pyrite+chalcopyrite+ galena +sphalerite+ arsenopyrite+silver sulfosalts+ electrum+ native silver+argentite, representing the higher silver mineralization. Electrum is closely associated with pyrite and has chemical compositions from 11.2 to 49.9 atomic % Au. The depositional environment during the higher gold mineralization can be estimated as the range of both temperature and sulfur fugacity, T= $200{\sim}300^{\circ}C$, log f ($S_2$) = $10^{-10}{\sim}10^{-15}$. The higher silver mineralization may be interpreted to have formed a range of falling temperature ($150{\sim}200^{\circ}C$) and low sulfur fugacity($10^{-10}{\sim}10^{-15}$). These temperature data are consistent with homogenization temperatures of fluId inclusions in quartz. Thus, the gold veins related to the Daebo igneous activity may be formed by the environment of higher temperature and pressure than the gold-silver veins associated with the Bulgugsa igneous activity.

금성 몰리브데늄광상의 잠두 반암형 광체에 대한 부존가능성과 성인적 환경

최선규,박정우,서지은,김창성,신종기,김남혁,유인걸,이지윤,안용환,Choi, Seon-Gyu,Park, Jung-Woo,Seo, Ji-Eun,Kim, Chang-Seong,Shin, Jong-Ki,Kim, Nam-Hyuck,Yoo, In-Kol,Lee, Ji-Yun,Ahn, Yong-Hwan 대한자원환경지질학회 2007 자원환경지질 Vol.40 No.1

The Guemseong mine is located near the southern margin of the Jurassic Jecheon granitoids collectively with the Cambro-Ordovician mixed dolostone-limestone series of the Yeongweol Group, Choseon Supergroup. Here, two spatially distinct types of skarn formation have been observed. The upper transitional skarn is the calcic Mo skarn which has the mineral assemblage of $garnet+hedenbergite+epidote{\pm}wollastonite{\pm}magnetite{\pm}hematite{\pm}amphibole{\pm}chlorite{\pm}vesuvianite$ within the calcite marble. On the other hand, the lower proximal skarn occurs as a discordant magnesian Fe skarn at the contact of Mo-bearing aplitic cupolas with unidirectional solidification texture(UST) within the dolomitic marble. The magnesian Fe skarn has the mineral assemlage $olivine+diopside+magnetite+tremolite+serpentine+talc+chlorite{\pm}phlogopite$. The formation of two different types of skarn and ore mineralization in Geumseong mine have been attributed to multistage and complex metasomatic replacements that ultimately resulted in silicate-oxide-sulfide sequence of metasomatism. An early prograde stage with anhydrous skarn minerals such as olivine, clinopyroxene and/or garnet with magnetite, formed from high temperature (about $500^{\circ}\;to\;400^{\circ}C$) at an environmental condition of low $CO_2$ fugacity ($XCO_2<0.1$) and 0.5 kbar. The later retrograde stage with hydrous silicates such as amphibole, serpentine, phlogopite, epidote and chlorite with molybdenite or hematite, termed from relatively lower temperature (about $400^{\circ}\;to\;300^{\circ}C$). 금성광상은 캠브리아기-오르도비스기 조선누층군 중 영월층군의 탄산염암과 쥐라기 제천화강암체와의 남측 경계부를 따라 백운석질 석회암과 석회암의 조성차이를 반영하여 서로 다른 유형의 스카른대가 배태되고 있다. 금성광상에서 스카른화작용은 전반적으로 규산염광물-산화광물-황화광물이 순차적으로 교대-정출되는 특징을 보이고 있으며, 공간적으로 상부 스카른에 배태된 점이성 스카른형 Mo광상과 하부 스카른에 배태된 근지성 스카른과 함께 수반되는 단방향 결정성장조직의 큐폴라형 Mo광상으로 양분된다. 금성광상의 상부 스카른대는 휘수연석${\pm}$자철석${\pm}$적철석과 함께 석회암이 교대된 Ca계열 스카른광물인 석류석+단사휘석+녹렴석+양기석+녹니석${\pm}$규회석${\pm}$사장석${\pm}$베스비아나이트의 광물조합을 보이고 있는 반면, 하부 스카른대는 자철석과 함께 백운석질 석회암이 교대된 Mg계열 스카른광물인 감람석+투휘석+투각섬석+금운모+사문석${\pm}$고니석${\pm}$활석으로 구성되어 있다. Ca계열 및 Mg계열 스카른광물의 공생관계 및 열역학적 자료를 종합적으로 검토한 결과, 전진 스카른 단계 스카른화 작용은 약 0.5kbar, $XCO_2<0.1$의 조건의 약 $500^{\circ}{\sim}400^{\circ}C$ 온도범위에서 진행되었으며, 후퇴 스카른 단계 함수규산염광물의 안정영역은 약 $500^{\circ}{\sim}400^{\circ}C$ 온도범위로 추정된다.

한국 동남부지역 금·은 광상산 에렉트럼의 화학조성

최선규,박맹언,최상훈,Choi, Seon-Gyu,Park, Maeng-Eon,Choi, Sang-Hoon 대한자원환경지질학회 1994 자원환경지질 Vol.27 No.4

Gold and/or silver mineralization in the southeast province, Korea, occurred in hydrothermal quartz vein that fills fracture zones in Cretaceous volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Gyeongsang basin or granites and Precambrian gneiss. Most of the gold-silver-bearing veins in the province occur in Hapcheon, Suncheon and Haman-Gunbuk area where they are associated with Cretaceous Bulgugsa granites. On the basis of the Ag/Au ratio on amounts produced and ore grades, mode of occurrence, and associated mineral assemblages, hydrothermal Au-Ag deposits in southeast province, Korea, can be classified as follows: pyrite-type gold deposit (Group IIB, Samjeong and Sangchon deposits), antimony-type gold-silver deposit (Group IV, Gisan and Geochang deposits), and antimony-type silver deposit (Group V, Sanggo, Seweon, Seongju and Gahoe deposits). All of the gold-silver deposits in the province are generally characteristics of the gold-silver or silver-dominant type deposit which contains more silver-bearing minerals than those deposits in central Korea. The gold-silver mineralization in the deposits consist of two generation; the early characterized by gold precipitation and the late represented by silver-rich (as silver-bearing sulfosalts minerals) mineralization. All but one deposit (Samjeong deposit) having relatively lower Au content in electrum values between ${\approx}20$ and ${\approx}50$ atomic %. The mineralogical data on electrum-sphalerite and/or arsenopyrite geothermometry and fluid inclusion data indicate that the gold and silver mineralizations were occurred at temperatures of $190{\sim}280^{\circ}C$ and $150{\sim}180^{\circ}C$, respectively. These suggest that the gold-silver mineralization in the province occurred in the lower temperature and pressure conditions as epithermal-type hydrothermal vein deposit.