Working speed analysis of a gear-driven rotary planting mechanism of a 12-kW self-propelled riding-type automatic onion transplanter

초두리밀론 ( Milon Chowdhury ),레자나심 ( Nasim Reza ),알리모하마드 ( Mohammod Ali ),고란닺앗라퐂자만 ( Ashrafuzzaman Gulandaz ),권행주 ( Haing-ju Kwon ),정선옥 ( Sun-ok Chung ) 한국농업기계학회 2021 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.26 No.2

The development of a riding-type automatic onion transplanter could be effective in improving the mechanization rate in onion cultivation, where the working speed analysis plays a vital role and determines planting performance and efficiency. The objective of this study was to select a suitable working speed of a 12 kW self-propelled riding-type automatic onion transplanter for efficient planting of onion seedlings with minimum damage. The proposed transplanting mechanism consisted of six assembling units of picking, conveyors, and rotary planting mechanism, where every rotary planting unit needs a continuous supply of onion seedlings at a certain rate for uniform and upright plantation. To enable the smooth collection and plantation of onion seedlings, analysis was carried out via a mathematical working trajectory model of the planting mechanism, virtual prototype simulation, and validation tests using a physical test bench. In the mathematical model analysis and simulation, the suitable rotational speed was found as 60 rpm and it was able to transplant 60 and 120 seedlings/min using the single and double unit assembly of planting mechanism, respectively. A 130 mm/s forward speed of the transplanter was preferable in terms of seedling uprightness and low damage. A forward speed of 130 mm/s with a transplanting speed of 120 seedlings/min was preferable in terms of achieving a high degree of seedling uprightness. A field test using the real prototype of the onion transplanter would be necessary to verify the accuracy of these findings.

Basic performance test for sound detection and remote monitoring in Pig Farm

레자나심 ( Nasim Reza ),초두리밀론 ( Milon Chowdhury ),키라가샤피크 ( Shafik Kiraga ),정선옥 ( Sun-ok Chung ) 한국농업기계학회 2021 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.26 No.2

Precision livestock farming is an intelligent technology, which allows the closer monitoring of each animal on farms. Sound based precision farming provides considerable benefits compared to other technology, such as imaging sensor, motion sensors, etc. In addition, sound sensors are inexpensive, no direct contact, and a huge number of animal can be observed using a single sensor. The objective of this study was to investigate a remotely monitored sound detection and imaging system in pig farm for early detection of respiratory diseases. Three microphones and three RGB cameras with three micro-controller were used to receive the sound and image data in the pig farm. Total 30 pigs were covered by our surveillance system. A sound analysis algorithm was developed to record the sounds received by the microphones and distinguished the pig sounds from the outside noises. The sound was then processed by the algorithm to detect the abnormal sound of pigs. The images were synchronized and used to monitor the unwanted movement and behaviour. High, medium, and low frequency sounds were detected. The results showed that the detection efficiency for high frequency sound was around 85%, and for low frequency sound was 73%. Moreover, movement of pigs were also monitored by images. From this study, it would be feasible to recognize early respiratory illness in pigs through automated and sequential monitoring of sounds and images within the pig farm.

Control and arrangement of small-sized suspension-type dehumidifier for ICT based greenhouse environment

구란다즈아스라푸자만 ( Ashrafuzzaman Gulandaz ),레자나심 ( Nasim Reza ),초두리밀론 ( Milon Chowdhury ),키라가샤픽 ( Shafik Kiraga ),정선옥 ( Sun-ok Chung ) 한국농업기계학회 2021 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.26 No.2

Humidity control inside greenhouses is essential for optimum plant growth and physiological disorders and diseases managements. The humidity response and variability depend extensively on the performance of the dehumidifier. The objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of a small-sized suspension-type dehumidifier in terms of temperature and humidity changes and spatial and vertical variability in a greenhouse. The dehumidifier consisted of a 0.6 kW compressor and a 0.1 kW fan. We compared the performance of dehumidifier among the different installation layouts like one at the center, two at the center (facing opposite directions from the center to the sides), one at either of the sides, two at both of the sides (facing to the center). To evaluate the functional ability of the dehumidifier, 45 temperature and humidity sensors were placed at three layers (top, middle, and bottom) and in five sections for monitoring the environmental status inside the greenhouse. Two additional sensors were placed in front of the dehumidifier and outside of the greenhouse. A wireless sensor network was used to collect the data for 90% to 70% dehumidifier operating conditions and monitor the humidity status during the operation and collected the data. The humidity response results showed that the time required for 90% to 70% dehumidification were 33 minutes. Temperature fluctuates 1degree after 11 minutes in upper layer and 27 minutes in bottom layer. The spatial and variability results indicated that the changes in humidity at, two at the center (facing opposite directions from the center to the sides) were higher than those in the other setup of dehumidifier in greenhouse. The outcomes of this research will be helpful for the development of low-power, small-sized dehumidifying systems and its setup position in greenhouse for cultivation.

Image based algorithm for growth prediction of pennywort plant grown in a plant factory

이슬람수마이야 ( Sumaiya Islam ),레자나심 ( Nasim Reza ),초두리밀론 ( Milon Chowdhury ),키라가샤피크 ( Shafik Kiraga ),정선옥 ( Sun-ok Chung ) 한국농업기계학회 2021 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.26 No.2

Plant growth prediction typically relies on the estimation of changes in plant structure and size. The leaf is one of the visual structures of plants, which has a significant impact on growth. The objective of this study was to predict pennywort plant growth using an image processing algorithm. Pennywort plant was grown in the plant factory, where ambient environmental variables were maintained precisely. The experiment was carried out for four weeks. RGB images of the plant were captured by a digital camera from the top of the plants everyday. In the image processing algorithm, the images were converted to grayscale and then binary masking was applied to classify each pixel as belonging to the region of interest. The masked images were segmented from the background. Then the region filling technique was applied to fill out the leaf region. We calculated the total pixel number in the image leaf area and calculated the leaf area using reference object. Actual plant leaf area was also continuously measured by a leaf area meter with specific time intervals without hindering plant growth. Our proposed algorithm demonstrated a high correlation of 0.954 between the actual and image-based leaf area measurements. A linear regression curve was found and growth was predicted using the desired cultivation period on the regression equation. Growth prediction model showed the potentiality to estimate plant growth cultivated in controlled environment.

Performance evaluation of a low-powered electric platform prototype under various agricultural purposes

알리모하마드 ( Mohammod Ali ),레자나심 ( Nasim Reza ),초두리밀론 ( Milon Chowdhury ),구란다즈아스라푸자만 ( Ashrafuzzaman Gulandaz ),키라가샤픽 ( Shafik Kiraga ),정선옥 ( Sun-ok Chung ) 한국농업기계학회 2021 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.26 No.2

Multi-purpose platform of a machine performs various agricultural operations that can reduce labor and enhance the convenience of aged people and women. To obtain the maximum working efficiency and reliability of a prototype machine, a field experiment is required. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the performance of a electric-drive tracked platform based on the power and pulling force analysis to conduct the major agricultural operations in different load and speed conditions. Grass mowing, and chemical spraying operations were selected as primary agricultural activities to evaluate the performance of the prototype tracked-platform. A data acquisition system was established with a torque sensor and a load cell to measure the maximum torque and pulling force. To record the working speeds of the platform, a global positioning system (GPS) was used. The field experiment was conducted on sandy clay loam soil condition on a 50 m operational path and the maximum speed was recorded up to 8 km/h (1 to 8 km/h). The average power requirements for a whole system (lawnmower + sprayer-trailer), a sprayer-trailer filled with 150 L of water, a lawnmower (without sprayer-trailer), and a platform itself were 1.27±0.35, 1.70±.13, 0.93±0.21, and 1.45±.19 kW, respectively. The maximum pulling force was measured 1.98±1.12, 0.614±0.46, and 19.28±11.32 kgf for hauling the rear trailer at 150L-payload condition, and 0.81±0.60, 0.416±.34, and 4.50±3.88 kgf at the unloaded condition in X, Y, and Z direction, respectively. The highest amount of average power and pulling force were recorded at maximum load condition. The power and pulling force requirements were fluctuated due to the effects of the different driving speeds. This study would help to provide information to the manufacturer for advance modifications of the tracked-platform.

농업 4륜 전기 자동차 설계를 위한 환감 기어의 부하 분석

알리모하마드 ( Mohammod Ali ),이슬람나피울 ( Md. Nafiul Islam ),레자나심 ( Md Nasim Reza ),초두리밀론 ( Milon Chowdhury ),이슬람수마이야 ( Sumaiya Islam ),이현석 ( Hyun-seok Lee ),정선옥 ( Sun-ok Chung ) 한국농업기계학회 2021 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.26 No.1

The load analysis of gears is a major challenge to ensure the reliability of the power transmission system of the all-wheel-drive electric vehicle. It is necessary to select the proper material and face width for design the reduction gears to avoid its failure during field operations. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the suitable materials and dimensions, to evaluate the fatigue life regarding the level of damage. A field experiment was conducted on the off-road conditions following the driving speeds. A load (torque) measurement method was established to collect the torque data using torque sensors and data acquisition systems. A load duration distribution (LDD) method was used to analyze the torque data to examine the cyclic load characteristics. The Palmgren-Miner cumulative damage model was used to determine the fatigue damage level of the reduction gears. The hypothetic fatigue life was recorded up to 2500 hours that satisfied the actual service life of the agricultural vehicle. In order to the analyses, the steel material ‘SCr420H’ with a 5 mm face width gear was suitable for a 10-year vehicle service life. The results presented in this study can suggest the service life of a four-wheeled electric vehicle for agricultural use.

자주식 양파정식기 슬라이딩 메쉬형 기어박스의 동력전달 해석

이슬람나피울 ( Md Nafiul Islam ),알리모하마드 ( Mohammod Ali ),키라가샤피크 ( Shafik Kiraga ),초두리밀론 ( Milon Chowdhury ),권행주 ( Haing-ju Kwon ),정선옥 ( Sun-ok Chung ) 한국농업기계학회 2021 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.26 No.1

An appropriate gearbox selection is essential to avoid transmission losses and convey the engine power to the transplanter components efficiently. Therefore, the objective of this research was to simulate the power transmission of a self-propelled onion transplanter gearbox for calculating the power loss and efficiency. The automatic transplanter power transmission scheme consists of wheels, and dibbling mechanism, and picking mechanism. A computer-aided gear efficiency calculation software package was used to develop a three-dimensional simulation model for the automatic onion transplanter. A V-belt with pulley and nine gear stages sliding mesh type gearbox were used to transmit power from engine to wheel and other transplanter components. The last two gear sets were used as dibbling and picking mechanism gear shafts, respectively. The transmission load was measured at the input shaft of the gearbox, and the driving axle load was measured at the final drive shaft. The load measurements were made at three-speed levels. The input power of the gearbox was 1.7 kW, and the last stage of power (picking scheme) was found as 0.8 kW. The overall efficiency of this gearbox was found as 83.39%. The outcomes of the research would provide a significant reference for the development a power transmission scheme for efficient automatic onion transplanting.