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志賀直哉「クローディアスの日記」と白樺派 —「圧迫せず、圧迫されず」—
佐藤光 한국외국어대학교 일본연구소 2018 日本硏究 Vol.0 No.75
‘The Diary of Claudius’, a novel written by SHIGA Naoya (1883‐1971) in 1912, is based on Hamlet by Shakespeare. In ‘The Diary of Claudius’, however, Claudius is not a murderer and Hamlet is an irrational man, making a false charge against his uncle. SHIGA saw the performance of Hamlet on the 21st of May in 1911. Another important fact is that a motif of ‘a shining white small ball’, which appears in ‘The Diary of Claudius’, is traced back to the entry in his diary on the fifth of February in 1912. SHIGA wrote ‘A Tale of Unhappy Love’ (‘Fukonaru Koi no Hanashi’) and ‘A Papered Sliding Door’ (‘Fusuma’) in 1911. These two short novels and ‘The Diary of Claudius’ shared the theme of conflict caused by two contrary opinions. In ‘A Tale of Unhappy Love’ the discord is dissolved when the persons concerned share the same experience. In ‘A Papered Sliding Door’ Buddhism nullifies the strife. These novels, however, finally suggest that neither religion nor power actually solves the conflict. In 1922 SHIGA wrote a maxim: ‘We should not oppress anyone, nor be oppressed by anybody’. As a member of the White Birch Group, SHIGA practically, though not thoroughly, explored the way to preserve mutual freedom and to avoid conflicts in the 1910s and 1920s. 시가 나오야(志賀直哉, 1883-1971)의 「크로디아스 일기」(1912)에서는 셰익스피어의 원작과는 달리, 크로디아스는 살인범이 아니다. 햄릿은 아버지를 죽인 범인의 젖은 옷을 크로디아스에게 입히려는 이해하기 어려운 존재로 그려진다. 시가가 『햄릿』를 본 시기는 1911년 5월 21일이다. 또한 「크로디아스 일기」에 포함된 ‘하얗게 빛나는 작은 왕’이라는 모티브는 1912년 2월 5일 시가의 일기에서 볼 수가 있다. 「크로디아스 일기」와 같은 시기에 「불행한 사랑이야기」(1911)와 「맹장지」(1911)가 쓰였다. 의견의 불일치가 초래하는 긴장이 이 세 편에 공통하는 주제이고, 체험 공유에 의한 해결, 종교에 의한 해결, 힘에 의한 해결이라는 세 가지 해결책이 제시되었다. 그 중에서도 「맹장지」와 「크로디아스 일기」에는 주관적인 판단의 타당성에 물음표를 붙이는 장치가 고안되었다. 이것은 종교에 의한 해결도, 힘에 의한 해결 어디에도 해결책으로 기능하지 않았음을 암시한다. 1922년에 시가는 ‘압박하지 않고 압박당하지도 않고’ 라는 표어와도 유사한 글을 쓴다. 1910년대에서 1920년에 걸쳐, 다양성을 존중하는 『시라카바』 동인이 한 사람으로서 시가는 ‘자신의 자유’와 ‘타인의 자유’를 양립시키는 논리와 충돌하지 않는 논리를, 불철저함에도 불구하고 실천적으로 사고해갔다.
Ouabain이 摘出병아리 網膜의 網膜電位圖 C-파에 미치는 效果
金夏卿,佐藤匡,米山高仁,田澤豊,具本術 중앙대학교 의과대학 의과학연구소 1988 中央醫大誌 Vol.13 No.1
Noradrenaline, a stimulant of the adenylate cyclase, augmented c-wave as much as ouabain and this effect was largest at 10^-9M. After augmentation of the c-wave by 10^-9 noradrenaline, there was no additional augmenting effect of 10^-7M ouabain. This fact suggests that the ouabain-induced augmentation of the c-wave may be due to the stimulation of adencylate cyclase. In the presence of 10^-7M ouabain, the light sensitivity of retina was elevated to 0.5 log unit and it was increased about 30% over the maximum response. This may be one of the signs of visual complications caused by ouabain, such as metachromatopsia. The effect of ouabain on the ERC c-wave was investigated in the isolated chick retina. Although the c-wave was abolished by a high dose of ouabain (10^-4M), it increased in amplitude in the presence of ouabain at a low concentration of 10^-7M, which was within the therapeutic range of clinical use for cardiac glycoside. The standing potential of the retina did not change appreciably until 10^-6M order and then decreased gradually at higher concentrations. In the presence of 10^-4M ouabain, the level having a complete blocking effect of Na-K ATPase, both the c-wave and the standing potential were almost abolished. These effects of ouabain were more conspicuous when the drug was applied to the vitreous side than to the choroidal side.