남성(南星) 금광산산(金鑛山産) 에렉트럼의 산상(産狀)

이현구,김상중,최선규,Lee, Hyun Koo,Kim, Sang Jung,Choi, Seon Gyu 대한자원환경지질학회 1987 자원환경지질 Vol.20 No.4

This paper describes the mode of occurrence and mineralogical properties of electrum from the Namseong Gold-Silver deposits, for the purpose of obtaining data on the characteristics of the ore deposits and the behavior of gold and silver during the mineralization. The gangue minerals are quartz, calcite, fluorite. Ore minerals are mainly composed of pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and galena with minor amount of argentite, electrum, pyrargyrite, native silver and unidenfied mineral(Cu-Fe-Ag-S series). Three stage of mineralization recognized are, from early to later, (I) pyrite-electrum stage (II) sphalerite-chalcopyrite-galena-argentite-electrum stage (III) sulfosalts stage. The filling temperature of fluid inclusions in quartz ranges from $225^{\circ}$ to $335^{\circ}C$. The value of sulfur fugacity estimated by means of electrum-tarnish method ranges from $10^{-11.5}$ to $10^{-14}$ atm. The compositional heterogeneity within a single grain with respect to gold concentration is common in the Namseong electrums Chemical composition of electrum ranges generally between 25~45 atom% Au. Its gold content decreases in late stages of mineralization.

청송광산의 동-연-아연 광화작용

이현구,김상중,Lee, Hyun Koo,Kim, Sang Jung 대한자원환경지질학회 1997 자원환경지질 Vol.30 No.3

Rocks in the Cheongsong mine area consist of Precambrian gneiss, Cretaceous sedimentry rocks and late Cretaceous quartz porphyry. The Cheongsong deposit is composed of many hydrothermal quartz veins of strikes $N30^{\circ}{\sim}60^{\circ}W$, dips $60{\sim}85^{\circ}E$ which fill WNW fault system. Pyrite and hematite occur within transparent quartz near margins of early stage II, and milky quartz of middle stage II coexists with sphalerite, chalcopyrite and galena coexisting with Cu-Pb-Bi minerals in center part of stage II quartz veins. Stage III calcite vein filled cracks or fractures of earlier quartz veins contains native copper and chalcopyrite. Supergene minerals are chalcocite, covellite, malanchite and chrysocolla. Alteration minerals are sericite, chlorite, argillite, epitode and pyrite. Ranges of salinities and homogenization temperatures for fluid inclusions in the individual periods of stage II are: 3.7 to 7.8 wt.% eq. NaCl and 200 to $380^{\circ}C$ in transparent quartz of early stage II; 0.7 to 6.4 wt.% eq. NaCl and 200 to $320^{\circ}C$ in milky quartz of middle stage II; 0.0 to 0.9 wt.% eq. NaCl and 250 to $320^{\circ}C$ in calcite of late stage II. Those of stage III calcite range about 0 wt.% eq. NaCl, and from 140 to $260^{\circ}C$, respectively. The relationship between salinities and temperatures shows decrease tendency with paragenetic time from stage II to III. The ${\delta}^{18}O_{H_2O}$ value is 0.5‰ in stage I, range from 0.5 to -0.4‰ in stage II, and from -3.2 to -3.7‰ in stage III. Calcite in the stage II and stage III has ${\delta}^{13}C$ values of -5.0‰ and -4.5 to -4.9‰, respectively. There is a decrease in sulfur fugacity values with paragenetic time of stage II, from $10^{-6.3}$ atm for early mineralization, to $10^{-6.5}$ atm for middle stage, to $10^{-8.0}$ atm for late mineralization of stage II. The results of stable isotope and fluid inclusion indicate that ore fluids reacted with meteoric water and wall rock in the Cheongsong hydrothermal system.

장군광산(將軍鑛山)의 자철석광상(磁鐵石鑛床)에서 산출(産出)되는 Mg-스카른광물(鑛物)

이현구,송석환,이찬희,Lee, Chan Hee,Song, Suckhwan,Lee, Hyun Koo 대한자원환경지질학회 1996 자원환경지질 Vol.29 No.1

The first Mg-skarn minerals are found from magnetite ore deposits of the Janggun mine, Korea. The skarn minerals are composed of mostly chondrodite, olivine, chlorite, serpentine, phlogophite, talc, apatite, magnesite, dolomite, siderite and trace amount of clinopyroxene, amphibole, garnet, wollastonite associated with magnetite, pyrrhotite and pyrite. The skarn zone is developed in the magnetite deposits at the contact of the Mg-rich Janggun Limestone Formation and the Chunyang granite. The chondrodites are columnar and radial shapes and some of them show twins. The chemical compositions of twinning-type chondrodites have high FeO (4.63 to 5.6 wt%), MnO (0.26 to 0.46 wt%) and low MgO (55.02 to 56.18 wt%) relative to the radial-type chondrodites. Twinning in chondrodite has been formed in close relation to substitution between Mg and Fe + Mn in humite solid solution. Temperature, $-logfo_2$ and $X_{CO2}$ during the skarn stage of magnetite deposits from the Janggun mine range from 395 to $430^{\circ}C$, from 30.5 to 31.2 atm and from 0.06 to 0.09, respectively.

한국(韓國) 장군광산(將軍鑛山)의 황석석(黃錫石)에 대(對)하여 -장군(將軍) 연(鉛)·아연(亞鉛)·은(銀) 광석광물(鑛石鑛物)의 지식(知識)에의 기여(寄與) (3)-

이현구,이마이 나오야,Lee, Hyun Koo,Imai, Naoya 대한자원환경지질학회 1986 자원환경지질 Vol.19 No.no.spc

In the Janggun mine, stannite occurs as anhedral grains, up to 500 micrometer in long dimension, closely associated with sphalerite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, galena and rhodochrosite in the periphery of the South ore body. In reflected light, stannite is grayish yellow green in color and exhibits moderate bireflectance and strong anisotropism without any intenal reflections. Reflection; Rmax. =29.0, Rmin. =27.8 percent at a wavelength of 560nm, and VHN; 219~244kg/mm at a 50g load. The chemical composition on the average from 35 spot analyses by electron microprobe is, Cu 28.0, Fe 12.7, Zn 2.9, Mn 0.2, Sn 25.8, S 30.3, sum 99.9 (all in weight percent); the corresponding chemical formula as calculated on the basis of total atoms=8 is, Cu 1.88 Fe 0.97 Zn 0.19 Mn 0.02 Sn 0.93 S 4.01, which fulfills approximately the ideal formula of $Cu_2FeSnS_4$. The strongest reflections on the X-ray diffraction patterns are; $3.10{\AA}$ (10) (112), $2.72{\AA}$ (5) (020, 004), $1.922{\AA}$ (5) (024), $1.642{\AA}$ (3) (132), $1.244{\AA}$ (3) (143, 136, 235), $1.111{\AA}$(3) (244), $0.958{\AA}$ (1) (048, 422), the patterns are identical with those of literature. From the textural evidence of the microscopic observation, the mineral is considered to have been formed at the middle stage of hydrothermal lead-zinc-silver mineralization.

한국·장군광산산 보울란저라이트에 대하여; 장군 연·아연·은 구성광물의 지식에 대한 기여 (2)

이현구,이마이 나오야,Lee, Hyun Koo,Imai, Naoya The Korean Society of Economic and Environmental G 1993 자원환경지질 Vol.26 No.2

장군광산산 보울란저라이트는 침상이나 불규칙한 형태로 방연석, 차골석, 함은 사면동석과 밀접하게 공생하여 남광상에서 산출되며, 특히 남광상 A광체와 B광체 주변의 능망간석대에 그 산출이 뚜렷하다. 어떤 장소, 특히 남광상 B광체 상부에는 방연석, 황철석, 유비철석, 함망간 방해석, 석영 등과 공생하여 작은 정동중에 "머리털"이나 "깃털"모양의 보울 란저라이트 집합체를 형성하기도 한다. 이광물의 반사색은 녹회색을 띠고, 반사다색성은 차골석보다 강하고 이방성이 명료하다. 반사율은 공기중에서 파장이 560nm 일 때 $R_{max.}=42.3%$, $R_{min.}=35.7%$이고, 비커스경도 (VHN)는 50g의 하중에서 $146{\sim}173kg/mm^2$이다. 표준시약 (Short, 1941)에 의한 반응에서는 HN03에서는 즉시 흑색으로 변하지만, 그외의 시약과는 거의 반응하지 않는다. 8개 시료 23개 입자에 대하여 EPMA로 분석한 결과 $Pb_{56.1}Sb_{25.1}S_{18.5}$, Total 99.6 wt.%이고, S= 11로해 계산된 화학식은 $Pb_{5.16}Sb_{3.94}S_{11}$로서 거의 보울란저라이트의 이상적인 화학식 $Pb_5Sb_4S_{11}$을 만족하고 있다. X-선 회절분석에 의해 얻어진 X-선 회절패턴에 나타나는 주요한 회절선은 $3.73\;{\AA}\;(10)$, $3.22\;{\AA}\;(5)$, $3.03\;{\AA}\;(4)$, $2.82\;{\AA}\;(5)$로서 공간군 $C^5_{2h}-P2_{1/a}$ 과 잘 일치한다. 이상의 장군광산산 보울란저라이트는 그 산출상태와 광물의 공생관계로부터 열수성 연-아연-은광화작용의 최후기에 생성된 광물로 판단된다. At the Janggun mine, boulangerite usually occurs as needles or irregularly-shaped grains, up to $500{{\mu}m}$ in longer dimensions, closely associated with galena, minerals of a tetrahedrite-freibergite series and bournonite in the peripheries of South A and B orebodies and the zone of manganoan carbonates surrounding them. In some places, especially at the top of South B orebody, it occures as "feather ore" consisting of its fine needles or "hairs" in small drusy cavities together with fine-grained euhedral galena, pyrite, manganoan carbonates, quartz, etc. In reflected light, it is bluish grey in colour exhibiting moderate bireflectance and is strongly anisotropic without any internal reflections. Reflectance in air is $R_{max}=43.2$, $R_{min}=35.7$ percent at wavelength of 580 nm, and VHN: $146-173\;kg/mm^2$ at a 50 g-load. The chemical composition on the average from 23 complete spot analyses by electron microprobe is, Pb 56.1, Sb 25.1, S 18.5, Total 99.6 (all in weight percent); the corresponding chemical formula calculated on the basis of S=11 is; $Pb_{5.16}Sb_{3.93}S_{11.0}$ which fulfils approximately the ideal formula $Pb_5Sb_4S_{11}$. The strongest reflections on the X-ray diffraction pattern are; $3.73\;{\AA}\;(10)$, $3.22\;{\AA}\;(5)$, $3.03\;{\AA}\;(4)$ and $2.82\;{\AA}\;(5)$ and the pattern is in harmonic with space group $C^5_{2h}-P2_1/a$. From the textural evidence of the microscopic observations, the mineral is considered to have been formed at the latest stage of hydrothermal lead-zinc-silver mineralization.

동화-황학산광산의 동광화작용

이현구,김상중,김문영,Lee, Hyun Koo,Kim, Sang Jung,Kim, Mun Young 대한자원환경지질학회 1998 자원환경지질 Vol.31 No.1

Copper mineralization of the Donghwa and Hwanghagsan mines was deposited in hydrothermal quartz veins which filled fissures in Cretacous sedimentary rocks. Ore minerals are pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, bornite, galena, wittichenite and unidentified Cu-Bi-Pb-Sb-S mineral. On the basis of salinities and homogenization temperatures for fluid inclusions, the Donghwa deposit was deposited from $300^{\circ}C$ to $220^{\circ}C$ with 2.5 to 0.2 wt.% eq. NaCl, and the Hwanghagsan deposits was deposited from $300^{\circ}C$ to $160^{\circ}C$ with 4.0 to 0.0 wt.% eq. NaCl. Evidence of boiling suggests pressure of 170 to 60 bar, these pressures correspond to 1700 m to 600 m. The ${\delta}^{34}S_{H_2S}$ values of the Donghwa deposit (4.8~7.4%) are higher than those of the Hwanghagsan deposit (3.5~4.5%), sulfur isotope compositions indicate that ore fluids partially reacted with meteoric water and wall-rock. Equilibrium thermodynamic interpretation indicates that the temperature versus $fs_2$ of the Donghwa deposit (> $420^{\circ}C$, $10^{-3.2}atm$) is higher condition than that of the Hwanghagsan deposit (> $290^{\circ}C$, $10^{-7.0}atm$). K-Ar ages for biotite granite and quartz porphyry in the study area are 64.7 Ma, and 60.9 Ma, reapectively. Mineralization age using sericite in the Donghwa deposits is 59.8 Ma. Therfore, Copper mineralization in the study area was associated with acidic igneous activity such as biotite granite or quartz porphyry.

인성(仁成) 금(金)·은(銀) 광상(鑛床)에서 산출(産出)되는 광석광물(鑛石鑛物)과, 물리화학적(物理化學的) 생성환경(生成環境)

이현구,문희수,Lee, Hyun Koo,Moon, Hi-soo 대한자원환경지질학회 1989 자원환경지질 Vol.22 No.3

The Inseong gold-silver mine is located 3Km northwest of Suanbo, Choongcheongbugdo, Republic of Korea. The mine occurs in the shear zone formed by tension fractures within the Hwanggangri Formation of the Ogcheon metamorphic belt. Ore minerals found in the gold-silver bearing hydrothermal quartz vein composed mainly of pyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, galena and minor amount of chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, stannite, bismuthininte, native bismuth, chalcocite, electrum and tellurian canfieldite(?). The gangue minerals are quartz, calcite, chlorite and rhodochrocite. Wallrock alterations such as chloritization, silicitication, pyritization, carbonitization and sericitization can be observed in or around the quartz vein. According to the paragenetic sequence, quartz vein structure and mineral assemnlages, three different stages of ore formation can be recognized. The physico-chemical environment of ore formation in this deposit shows slight variation from stage to stage, but the condition of main ore deposition can be summarized as follows. Fluid inclusion, S-istope geothermometry and geothermometry based on mineral chemistry by use of arsenopyrite and chlorite show the ore was formed at temperature between 399 and $210^{\circ}C$ from fluids with salinities of 3.3-5.8 wt.% equivalent NaCl. It indicates that pressure during the mineralization is less than 0.6 Kb corresponding to a depth not greater than 1Km. S-isotope data suggests that thermal fluid may have magmatic origin wit some degree of mixing with meteoric water. In coclusion, the Inseong gold-silver deposit was formed at shallow depth and relatively high-temperature possibly with steep geothermal gradient under xenothermal condition.

장군광산(將軍鑛山)의 연(鉛)·아연(亞鉛)·은(銀) 및 철(鐵) 광상(鑛床)의 성인(成因)과 지질구조(地質構造)와의 관계(關係) - 광상(鑛床) 생성(生成)의 지질구조(地質構造) 규제(規制)와 모암(母岩)의 변질(變質) -

이현구,고석주,나오야 이마이,Lee, Hyun Koo,Ko, Suck Jin,Naoya, Imai 대한자원환경지질학회 1990 자원환경지질 Vol.23 No.2

The lead-zinc-silver-iron deposits from the Janggun mine are of hydrothermal-metasomatic origin, characterized by the marked hydrothermal alteration of the wallrocks, such as hydrothermal manganese enrichment of carbonate rocks, silicification, chloritization, sericitization, montmorillonitization and argillic alteration. The ore deposits have been emplaced within the Janggun Limestone of Cambro-Ordovician age at the immediate contacts with apophyses injected from the Chunyang Granite plutons of Late Jurrasic age. They have been structurally controlled by fractures in the carbonate rocks and the irregular intrusive contacts of granitic rocks, and are closely associated with hypogene manganese carbonate deposits. In the mine nine seperate orebodies are being mined. On the basis of the petrological study, hydrothermal alteration zone of this mine may be divided into the following four zones from wallrock to orebody. (I) Primary calcite and dolomite zone${\rightarrow}$(II) dolomitic limestone zone${\rightarrow}$(III) dolomitic zone${\rightarrow}$(IV) rhodochrosite zone${\rightarrow}$ orebody. There was not recongnized Mn and Fe elements in the primary calcite and dolomite zone. But, in the dolomitic limestone and dolomite zone, calcite and dolomite were subjected to weak hydrothermal manganese enrichment and the grade of the manganese enrichment increase oreward. By means of electron probe microanalysis, it was found that manganoan dolomite occured between primary dolomite grains, cross the cleavage of the primary dolomite and around the dolomite grains. Above these result supports that the Janggun manganese carbonate deposits are of hydrothermal metasomatic origin.

한국(韓國) 일부(一部) 금(金)·은(銀) 광상(鑛床)에서 산출(産出)되는 금(金)·은(銀) 광물(鑛物)과 광상(鑛床)의 생성조건(生成條件)(I) -청주(淸州) 금(金)·은(銀) 광산(鑛山)-

이현구,최진우,Lee, Hyun Koo,Choi, Jin Woo 대한자원환경지질학회 1988 자원환경지질 Vol.21 No.3

The Cheongju gold-silver mine is located at approximately $36^{\circ}28^{\prime}$north latitude and $127^{\circ}31^{\prime}$ east longitude in the Cheongju City of the Chung cheong bug Do, South Korea. Gold-Silver bearing hydrothermal quartz veins, occur in Cheongju Granit of Jurassic age. K-Ar isotope data for sericite in quartz vein indicate that the Au-Ag mineralization took place in early Cretaceous ($97.5{\pm}2.18$ MA. Park, et ai, 1986). Three stage of mineralization recognized anre, from early to later, (I) Sulide stage: pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite (Hpo), sphalerite, chalcopyrite, electrum and quartz (II) Electrum stage: pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, electrum and quartz. (III) Silver mineral stage: pyrite, marcasite, pyrrhotite (Mpo), sphalerite, galena, electrum, native silver argentite, fluorite, calcite and quartz. In this paper, mode of occurrences and chemical compositions of electum and native silver have been investigated by means of microscope and EPMA. Electron probe microanalysis shows that an individual grain of electrum is almost homogeneous in composition. Silver content of electrum ranges from 44.7-67.1 atom.%. Gold content of native silver ranges below 0.2 atom. %. Vicker's hardness number (VHN) of electrum and native silver ranges $78.2-81.8kg/mm^{2}$ respectively. The filling temperature of fluid inclusions in quartz ranges from $130-280^{\circ}C$. On the basis of arsenpyrite geothemometer, the equilibrium temperature and sulfur fugacity of the pyrite-arsenopyrite-pyrrhotite(Hpo) assemblage is assumed to be in ange from $300-310^{\circ}C$ and $10^{-10}$ to $10^{-11}$ atm. The estimated ore reserviors on Cheongju mine area are calculated to 8000 T/M, averaing 8.6g/t Au, 27.8 g/t Ag, 1.25% Pb, l.65% Zn.

덕평지역의 탄질 변성니질암에 관한 환경적 독성원소의 지구화학적 기원, 거동 및 부화

이현구,이찬희,Lee, Hyun Koo,Lee, Chan Hee 대한자원환경지질학회 1997 자원환경지질 Vol.30 No.6

Origin, behavior and enrichment of environmental toxic elements from the Deokpyeong area were investigated on the basis of major, trace and rare earth element geochemistry. Coaly metapelites of the Deokpyeong area are subdivided into grey phyllite, dark grey phyllite, coaly slate and black slate, which are interbedded along the Ogcheon Supergroup. The coaly slate had been mined for coal, but mining is closed. The coaly and black slates are lower contents of $SiO_2$ and $Al_2O_3$, and higher contents of LOI, CaO, $Na_2O$ and BaO as compared with the phyllitic rocks. Rare earth elements are highly enriched in the coaly and black slate. Average compositions (ppm) of minor and/or environmental toxic elements in the coaly and black slate are revealed as As=127, Ba=30,163, Cd=18, Cr=740, Cu=84, Mo=378, Pb=43, Sb=12, Se=44, U=144, V=8,147 and Zn=292, which are extremely high concentrations than those in the NASC compositions. Major elements (average enrichment index; 5.34) in the coaly metapelites are mostly depleted, excepting $P_2O_5$ and BaO, normalized by NASC. Rare earth elements (average enrichment index; 1.48) are enriched in the coaly slate. On the basis of NASC, minor and/or environmental toxic elements in the coaly metapelites were strongly enriched of all the elements with the exception of Co, Cs, Ni and Sr. Average enrichment index of trace elements in coaly metapelite is 31.51 (coaly slate; 51.94 and black slate; 15.46). Especially, enrichment index of potentially toxic elements (As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Sb, Se, U, V and Zn) of the rock is 46.10 (grey phyllite; 7.15, dark grey phyllite; 4.77, coaly slate; 88.96 and black slate; 22.11). These coal formations were deposited in basin of boundary between terrestrial and marine environments deduced to carbon, sulfur (C/S=2.2 to 275.7), trace and rare earth elements characteristics. Irregular behavior and dispersion between major, minor and rare earth elements of those metapelites indicates a variable source materials, incomplete mixing of differential source and/or reequilibrium of diagenesis and metamorphism.