소주(蘇州)방언 성조의 음운체계 고찰

이옥주(Lee, Ok Joo) 한국중어중문학회 2016 中語中文學 Vol.0 No.66

This study aims to provide a phonological analysis of the tonal system of the Suzhou dialect, which is one of the most representative varieties of Wu Chinese. Though much scholarly attention has been paid to its phonological features such as rich inventory of vowels and initials, our understanding of its prosodic system is still limited. This study captures the phonologically crucial features of the Suzhou tones and tone sandhi phenomenon by proposing a tonal system based not on Chao’s 5-level tonal scale but tonal features (i.e., H, M, L). It further shows that the tone sandhi process can be explained by tone deletion, spreading, L insertion in the left-dominant prosodic structure and demonstrates that stress related prominence needs to be taken into consideration in the Suzhou tone studies. It is suggested that phonetic studies are in need to understand the interaction between tonal behaviour and such factors as morphosyntax and language register (e.g., written vs. vernacular styles).

초음파와 동결/융해에 의한 실크/PVA 하이드로젤의 제조 및 특성 평가

이옥주(Ok Joo Lee),김정호(Jung Ho Kim),주형우(Hyung Woo Ju),문보미(Bo Mi Moon),박현정(Hyun Jung Park),Faheem A Sheikh,박찬흠(Chan Hum Park) 한국고분자학회 2013 폴리머 Vol.37 No.6

실크 피브로인과 poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)는 뛰어난 생체적합성과 수용성을 가져 생체의학 분야에서 주목하는 재료이다. 본 연구에서는 실크 피브로인과 PVA를 초음파와 동결/융해 방법으로 드레싱제로서 사용 가능한 하이드로젤을 제조하고자 하였다. 실크와 PVA를 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, 0/100 비율로 혼합하였다. 제작한 하이드로젤을 FE-SEM, TGA, FTIR, 압축 강도 측정 등을 통해 물성을 분석하였다. 실크/PVA 하이드로젤은 PVA 함량이 증가할수록 공극 크기와 팽윤도는 감소하였으며, 젤의 강도는 증가하였다. PVA를 첨가함으로써 실크의 기계적 물성이향상되는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 제조된 실크/PVA 하이드로젤은 드레싱제로서 사용 가능성을 제시하였다. Biomaterials like silk fibroin (SF) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) have received increasing attention in biomedical applications because of their attractive properties such as hydrophobicity and biocompatibility. In this study, efficient systems consisting of interpenetrating SF/PVA hydrogels were prepared as potential candidate for wound dressing applications. A simple approach consisting of sonication and a freezing-thawing technique was adopted to fabricate the hydrogels. Different blend ratios consisting of SF (100, 75, 50, 25 and 0%) with respect to the weight of PVA were prepared. The produced hydrogels were characterized for physico-chemical investigations using various states of techniques like; FE-SEM, TGA, FTIR and tensile strength. The addition of PVA to SF was proved to be beneficial in terms of reducing the pore size and swelling ratio of hydrogels. The mechanical property of SF had been increased by addition of PVA. These results show that SF/PVA hydrogels may serve as potential candidates for wound dressing application.

음운과 문자 연구 성과물 집적 동향

이옥주 ( Lee Ok Joo ),이현선 ( Lee Hyun-sun ) 한국중국어문학회 2017 中國文學 Vol.93 No.-

지식과 정보의 새로운 패러다임에 대한 시대적 요구와 더불어 최근 중국어언어학도 연구의 범위와 대상, 방법이 눈에 띄게 변화하고 있다. 본 연구는 중국어언어학의 주요 영역인 음운과 문자 분야에서 최근 10년 동안 중국, 대만, 미국에서 진행된 연구의 동향을 분석하여, 학제간 통합적 연구와 코퍼스 구축이 해외 여러 지역에서 공통적으로 확대되고 있음을 발견하였다. 또한 미국이나 유럽 지역에서는 이미 비인문학 분야와의 융합적 연구도 빠른 속도로 증가하는 것으로 조사되었다. 앞으로 중국어 문자·음운 연구자들에게 언어 체계에 대한 본질적 연구와 더불어 탈경계적 통합 연구의 주체가 되기 위한 노력이 요구될 것으로 전망된다. As an unprecedented technological revolution transforms information and knowledge in this era, recent years have witnessed notable changes in linguistic research as well. This paper analyzes research on Chinese phonology/phonetics and orthography that has been conducted during the past ten years in four areas overseas, i.e., China, Taiwan, U.S., and Europe. It examines a large number of major research projects supported government fund and finds an important trend that interdisciplinary research and corpus-based research have increased to a great extent. It is also found that a considerable amount of linguistic research incorporating diverse disciplines, such as psychology, biology and computer science, has emerged in U.S. and Europe. It is suggested that researchers of Chinese phonology/phonetics and orthography be able to broaden research horizons and build cohesive knowledge on the language by integrating linguistic research and other disciplines.

L2 Prosody : An Acoustic Analysis of L1 Mandarin Speakers’ Korean Tonal Patterns

李玉珠(Lee, Ok-joo) 중국어문학연구회 2012 중국어문학논집 Vol.0 No.77

본 연구는 유형학적으로 중요한 차이를 보이는 표준중국어와 한국어의 운율 체계를 비교하고, L1 표준중국어화자의L2 한국어운율발화를음향·음성학적으로분석하여L2 운율체계에 대한논의를진행하는것을목적으로한다. 이를위하여, L1과L2 발화에나타나는한국어강세구(Accentual Phrase)와 억양구(Intonational Phrase)의 성조 유형을 실험음성학적으로 분석하고, L1에 부재하는 L2 운율 요소의 음운적, 음성적 자질의 습득 양상과 특징을 논의하였다. 또한 L2 발화에 일반적으로 영향을 미치는 요인인 발화 계획 전략의 제약(speech planning strategy constraint)이나 음역 축소, L2 발달 정도(developmental stage)가 한국어 AP와 IP 성조습득에미치는영향을통계적으로분석함으로써, L2 운율체계에나타나는개별성과보편성에 대한 논의의 토대를 제공한 데에 본 연구의 의의가 있다.

표준중국어 음절유형에 대한 유형론적 고찰

이옥주(Lee, Ok Joo) 한국중어중문학회 2017 中語中文學 Vol.0 No.68

This study aims to provide a typological explanation of Mandarin syllable types and structures. Twelve legitimate syllable types in Mandarin differ from each other in terms of how frequently they appear in lexicon. Of particular interest is to understand the role of language universality in determining the relative frequency of various Mandarin syllable types. Results of a quantitative analysis of the phonemes and syllable structures of 13,052 characters contained in a lexicon corpus reveal several important typological features of the syllable type frequency in Mandarin: (1) the syllable type frequency is closely related to the markedness of an onset phoneme, i.e. the more marked an onset consonant is, the less frequently a syllable type occurs. (2) the sonority hierarchy also affects the syllable type frequency, i.e., the more a syllable type observes the sonority hierarchy, the more frequently it appears. Findings of this study contribute to understanding the typological features of the syllable types and structures of Mandarin as well as the language typology reflected in Mandarin.

표준중국어 경계 성조(boundary tone)의 연구방법론 고찰

이옥주(Lee, Ok Joo) 한국중어중문학회 2015 中語中文學 Vol.60 No.-

Recently increasing attention has been paid to prosody of Mandarin as well as other varieties of Chinese. One of the most extensively explored topics is to describe the phonetic realization of pitch movement and syntactic/pragmatic functions associated with boundary tone types in Mandarin. However, despite much experimental studies conducted on this topic, both phonetic and phonological interpretations of boundary tone types are still highly controversial. Although a significant amount of recent research tends to adopt the AM(Autosegmental-Metrical) framework, lack of discussion and agreement on how to apply the phonological framework and taxonomy to varieties of Chinese seems to be a major hindrance to better understanding many prosodic phenomenon in the language. Through a critical and extensive review of studies on boundary tone in Mandarin, the present study shows that the same or very similar experimental results are often interpreted to support conflicting phonological viewpoints. It further argues that localized tones should be distinguished from global pitch manipulation in order for us to identify boundary tone in Mandarin, and further suggests that future research needs to be done (1) to identify pitch movement anchored specifically to the last syllable of an intonational phrase and (2) to define the prosodic domain for boundary tone in Mandarin.

중국어 음성합성: 진단과 과제

이옥주 ( Lee Ok Joo ) 한국중국어문학회 2021 中國文學 Vol.106 No.-

Recent years have witnessed the remarkable improvement of speech synthesis technology, which is a fundamental component of numerous AI programs. Chinese text-to-speech technology, which has been also rapidly improved, is used in a variety of programs for language teaching and learning as well as automatic translation. This paper examines major problems with Chinese synthesized speech in several widely-used programs, and discusses the prosodic modeling and the types of speech database that can be used to enhance the naturalness of synthesized speech sounds. It further notes that an increasing body of interdisciplinary research between phonetics and engineering may help to develop new analytic methods in the field of Chinese phonology and phonetics.

표준중국어 성조 분포의 유형적 특성

이옥주(Lee, Ok Joo) 한국중어중문학회 2018 中語中文學 Vol.- No.74

Earlier literature on tones of Chinese tends to report the tonal inventory and tone sandhi observed in a certain variety of the language. However, given that Chinese is one of the major tonal languages, a typological investigation of Chinese tones is needed to achieve a better understanding of not only the tonal systems of the Chinese varieties but also the universals of tones across languages. To understand the Mandarin tones from a typological perspective, this study examines the tonal distribution patterns in 518 tonal languages collected in PHOBLIE and compares them with the tonal distribution analyzed from a Mandarin lexicon corpus. Results of a quantitative analysis of the two corpora reveal several important typological features of the tone types and distribution of Mandarin as well as tonal languages in general: (1) Approximately 63% of the tonal languages contain 2 or 3 tone types, and about 19% of the languages, including Mandarin, contain 4 tone types, (2) Implicational relation between tone types (e.g., the existence of contour tone(s) implies the existence of level tone(s)) are observed both across tonal languages and in Mandarin. (3) The distribution pattern of ‘level tone > simple contour tone > complex contour tone’, which is in negative relation with tone markedness, is found across tonal languages. However, falling tone(T4) being the most frequently occurring tone type, Mandarin shows the distribution of ‘simple contour tone > level tone > complex contour tone’.

중국어 방언 성조 분포 연구

이옥주(Lee, Ok Joo),이경민(Lee, Kyungmin) 한국중어중문학회 2020 中語中文學 Vol.- No.81

Earlier literature on tones of Chinese dialects tends to describe a tonal inventory and tone sandhi of an individual dialect or diachronic changes across dialects. However, a typological explanation of tonal systems across various Chinese dialects is still in need to understand the language specific features of Chinese tones as well as their similarities with other tone languages. This paper collects tones from 738 dialects of Chinese and examines the tone distribution from a typological perspective. Results of the paper reveal several important features of Chinese tones: (1) Chinese has significantly larger inventories than tone languages in general. (2) The frequency pattern of ‘level > fall > rise > concave > convex’ found in tone languages shows a negative relation between tonal markedness and distribution. Chinese dialects, however, are not in line with this frequency pattern, i.e., the relative frequency among level, fall, and rise may vary. (3) The most distinctive specificity pertaining to level tone in Chinese is that high register is notably favored for level tone. (4) The balanced distribution between fall and rise and that between concave and convex in terms of pitch register found in tone languages are not shown in Chinese. Rather, fall and rise seem to favor low register and high register, respectively. (5) Complex contour tones appear to realize within the same register rather than across registers. (6) Tones treated as checked tone in a Chinese philological tradition tend to realize as level. Given the paucity of comparative research on Chinese dialects and other tone languages, the findings of the present study contribute to achieve a better understanding of not only the tonal systems of Chinese dialects but also the tonal universals across languages.

의사소통 중심의 교수법의 학습효과에 대한 실험적 연구

李玉珠(Lee Ok-joo),鄭素英(Jong So-young) 중국어문학연구회 2008 중국어문학논집 Vol.0 No.52

The goal of the present study is to understand the pedagogical efficacy of two language teaching approaches in teaching Chinese, namely, Grammar-Translation Method and Communicative Language Teaching. The former has traditionally been the most widely accepted language teaching method and the latter is the newly-developed approach that has drawn much attention from language teachers as well as researchers of second language acquisition. For the present study, an experienced teacher of Chinese taught beginning-level Chinese to two groups of students by using the same teaching materials but two different teaching methods throughout a semester and compared the students' linguistic and communicative capabilities. This study finds that the teaching method appears to affect students' learning of both written and spoken styles of Chinese, and therefore calls for more discussions on developing teaching methods best applicable to teaching Chinese as a second language.