충북지역 환경갈등의 경향과 특성

염우 忠北大學校大學院 2013 국내석사

Recently environmental crisis has been getting aggravated, and citizens have increasingly called for pleasant environment and better quality of life. In the mid 1990s, the Korean society went through major changes. The local autonomous system came back to life and professional environmental organizations were formed by region. It was during this period that local residents and civil society engaged in earnest activities in response to a flood of factories producing bottled water and businesses designed to develop Mujang-dae and Yonghwa Hot Spring. Environmental problems came to attract a lot of attention as a big issue in this society, and preventative measures against environmental conflicts and rational solutions to them were regarded as urgent challenges at regional and national level. This study is designed to make an analysis of some cases that can represent environmental conflicts unfolded in North Chungcheong Province, to figure out their tendencies and characteristics and to make policy-related suggestions for rational solutions for them. This study consists of six chapters. Chapter 1, the introduction, gives an overview of this research: the background, the purpose, the scope and the methods. Chapter 2, the theoretical examination, describes theories on environment, social conflicts and environmental conflicts, and findings from previous research. Chapter 3, the analytic framework, selects representative cases involving environmental crisis for the purpose of research, establishes analytic factors for the systematic comparison and analysis of their respective features, and distinguishes the attributes. A frequency analytic framework, an analytic framework for period-based characteristics and an analytic framework for subject-role correlation are presented. Chapter 4 divides the process of the unfoldment of environment conflicts in the region into five periods in line with the terms of the heads of the local autonomous entity, taking a brief look at their flow and features. Chapter 5 analyses the characteristics of the cases involving environmental conflict according to the given analytic framework, summarizes the findings and makes policy-related suggestions. Chapter 6, the conclusion, puts together and organizes the findings in general and points out the accomplishments and limitation of this research. 32 cases were selected as representative environmental conflicts in North Chungcheong Province out of a total of 178 cases released as 10 major environmental news in the region over the 1995-2012 period, and they were expressed by period in a variety of ways. The first period of environmental conflict, which ranged from 1995 to 1998, refers to ‘a period of explosive environmental conflicts,’ when a diversity of significant problems arose simultaneously. The second period refers to ‘a period of conflict expression by region and basin,’ which ranged from 1999 to 2002. The third period refers to ‘a period of focus on the four-river project,’ which ranged from 2007 to 2010. The fifth period refers to ‘a period of transition for environmental crisis,’ which extends from the year 2011 to the present. The following are the findings. First, the conflicts among environmental issues were given much weight, but reduced as the areas of policy cooperation were expanded in the late 2000s. Second, most of the environmental conflict issues lasted for more than 3 years, which means that they were long-term based, and more than half of them turned out to be associated with the region. Third, the overwhelming majority of the environmental conflicts were caused by the public sector including local governments, and the proportion of enterprises is on the increase. The local governments should need to change their role as a causer into a coordinator in terms of policy and roles. Fourth, most of the responders to environmental conflicts are composed of local residents and environmental agents, whose weight turns out to be on the rise. The construction of governance and the expansion of the areas of policy cooperation should be realized to alter roles. Fifth, environmental conflicts proved to be briskly unfolded in case the environmental influences were caused, and local residents in question turned out to become responders to conflicts when damages were done to them. When polices and projects are implemented, the opinions of the local residents concerned should be collected and there should be an increase in chances to participate in them. Sixth, there were less than 50 percent of the cases which had coordinators, which turned out to be mostly the judiciary. As social services have much to be desired in terms of the regulation and prevention of environmental conflicts, it is necessary that the system should be complemented. Although this research is found to be meaningful for the synthetic examination of issues concerning the environmental conflicts in North Chungcheong Province, it also has limitations in that it has focused only on the conflict matters instead of dealing with them in comprehensive ways. The hope is that future research is to look into the characteristics of the entire environmental issues in consideration of the fact that the matters of conflict and non-conflict are magnified, deepened, reduced and relieved in the midst of mutual relation. In addition, it should be noted that the researcher’s own special experiences and views directly and indirectly involved in environmental conflicts may, unintentionally, have been reflected in both the advantages and the disadvantages of this research.

기후위기 대응을 위한 메타거버넌스 체계 분석 : 충북지역의 환경거번너스 사례를 중심으로

염우 충북대학교 일반대학원 2024 국내박사

Research groups in the field of urban environmental issues and crisis management have focused their attention on two major challenges. The former tries to find effective responses to the climate crisis, and the latter stresses appropriate ways geared towards environmental governance. In short, responding to the climate crisis implies the ends, and the development of environmental governance examines the means. The temporal scope of the study covers from 1995 to 2023, the last 30 years. This period can be said to be the period when environmental governance in local communities has been in full swing. The spatial scope spans Chungcheongbuk-do and related watersheds. The key contents deal with representative environmental governance cases in the Chungbuk and its neighboring region. Among 280 environmental cases, 14 representative environmental governance cases are selected through screening, categorization, and integration processes. The research methodology basically involves five steps: firstly, standardization of environmental governance cases; secondly, establishment of analysis factors and attributing classification; thirdly, comparative * A thesis for the degree of Doctor in February 2024. analyses and implications; fourthly, development of environmental governance evaluation indicators; fifthly, surveying experts and verifying implications, sixthly, setting the direction of environmental governance development and meta-governance construction, and seventhly, presenting couples of meta-governance models for climate crisis response. Concerned with research findings, this study derives seven principles and directions for building meta-governance in response to the climate crisis. First of all, there must be a societal consensus or commitment on the need to build meta-governance. Here, meta-governance functions as powerful tools for mobilizing broad participation and cooperation to address the climate crisis. Secondly, it is necessary to build consensus on the principles of win-win and cooperation. This study emphasizes the fact that major stakeholders should do their best for the proposed inclusive community that respects and considers different perspectives, viewpoints, interests, and political views. Thirdly, the meta-governance system should encompass the functions of policy consultation and action cooperation. Policy councils and action networks involving various units can be organized by sector, issue, and region. Fourthly, this study urges establishing action cooperation business platforms to lead the carbon-neutral citizen action movement. It should present joint action plans and common processes, link sectoral action activities with comprehensive action activities, and establish a virtuous cycle business structure to increase activity. Fifthly, this study examines alternative ways to organize, broaden and deepen the participation of a wide range of citizens and various social groups. Appropriate incentives can be provided to villages, schools, churches, civic organizations, and others, and voluntary actions can be encouraged according to the conditions and characteristics of the participating organizations. The final task is given to integrating them into the decision-making process of the meta-governance system. Sixthly, this study proposes that an efficient and rational governance system should be organized. It should be civil society-led and supported by the executive branch. In addition, it should have basic staffing and budgeting, and be able to share information and make resources available. Seventhly, institutionalization measures such as the enactment of relevant ordinances should be prepared for the stable operation of meta-governance. Finally, in terms of case application, this study presents a series of meta-governance construction plans that can be applied to the Chungbuk region along with policy environment analyses based on the TOWS principles. For the future plans and actions, this study urges concrete ways to build meta-governance as practical alternatives in responding to the climate crisis. In the future, it expects that detailed studies and discussions on building regional, sectoral, and issue-specific governance are required. It is also necessary to support the establishment of meta-governance at the national level through case studies of environmental governance across the country. Keywords: climate crisis, climate crisis response, environmental governance, meta-governance, cooperation system, implementation plan