시설물 현황도 작성을 위한 GPS와 토털스테이션 측량의 적용 및 성과분석

박병욱(Park, Byung Uk),이대근(Lee, Dae Geun),양경주(Yang, Gyung Joo) 한국측량학회 2003 한국측량학회지 Vol.21 No.4

Fuzzy C-Mean 알고리즘을 이용한 중합 영상의 토지피복분류기법 연구

신석효(Shin, Sok Hyo),안기원(Ahn, Ki Won),양경주(Yang, Gyung Joo) 한국측량학회 2004 한국측량학회지 Vol.22 No.2

Saul Bellow의 소설에 나타난 Symbolic Death

梁京柱 제주대학교 1983 논문집 Vol.15 No.1

As K. M. Opdahl points out, "death" is one of Bellow's ultimate and essential problems that haunt him, and he has struggled to solve that problem in his novels. But up to recently, the studies of his novels have been concenturated on the problems of man's existence in the modern industrial mass society, and even the problems of death have been considered as minor details. Therefore, to promote the right appreciation of Bellow's novel, the writer discusses the several problems of death in his novels and obtain the results as following: 1) The first characteristic of the way Bellow treats "death" in his novels lies in that even though he deals with man's death and its problem through all his novel from Dangling Man to Herzog, protagonist's actual death is not dipicted. The second characteristic is that all the protagonists confront death either literally or symbolically and triumph over it psychically and spiritually, and that such death is treated in close connection with the theme of his novels. The third characteristic is that in the case that Bellow shows the death of his protagonists, he describes symbolically their death by using literary imagery and symbol. Therefore, Bellow protagonist's death can lie called "symbolic death" and such symbolic death is found in Joseph's in Dangling Man and Wilhelm's in Seize the Day. 2) Joseph's death in Dangling Man is expressed through tile symbolic action, that is, his volunteering enlistment and through several images of death. Wlhelm's death in Seize the Day is also represented through the symbolic action, namely his wailing before tile corpse who Wilhelm doesn't know he is and through the images "drowning man" and "hemorrhaged hippopotamus." 3) Joseph and Wilhelm's "symbolic death" is a kind of suicide, Suicide can be called tile death "be, intentional and voluntary actions whose result, a doer realize, is his death," and their deaths meet such requirements for suicide. In sociology, according to Durkeheim's theory of suicide, Joseph's death call be explain as "egoistic suicide" and Wilhelm's "egoistic-anomic suicide. " In psychology, both Joseph's and Wilhelm's suicide are committed under the mental process, "escape mechanism." Joseph's suicide is similiar to "suicide as escape to death" and Wilhelm's to "suicide as self-attack, that is a form of extreme self-negation."

Saul Bellow의 初期小說 硏究(Ⅱ) : The Victim에 投影된 삶

梁京柱 제주대학교 1980 논문집 Vol.12 No.1

Saul Bellow makes various experiment on his literary techniques and themes and shows the archetype of his literary world through his early novels, Dangling Man and The Victim, One of Bellow's achetypal, main charcters is Asa Leventhal, a self-made victim. Bellow presents his main theme, "What is a human being in this modern world?" by depicting Leventhal's dilemma and manifests "affirmation of human life" through Leventhal's motion from alienation to accommodation." Asa Leventhal's troublesome, problematic situation with Kirby Allbee, an anti-Semite, is caused only by his deterministic attitude toward life and his delusion of persecution. It is true that the world of The Victim is naturalistic; however, it is because the novel is described through the eyes of a determinist, self-made victim. Needless to say, it means that the author, Bellow, see the world so as it really is. In other words, Leventhal's dilemma is overcome through his change in notion of the modern world and human situation in it, and he can change from a self made victim to a meaningful human being. Therefore, the conflict and the compromise between Asa Leventhal and his anti protagonist, Kirby Allbee, is the symbolic and psychological process of his mental change toward life, that is from his rejection to his acceptance of it. In conclusion, Leventhal's possibility of meaningful life is acquired as a result of his realization of "What is real world and a human being?" and his giving up his deterministic view of life. It is Leventhal's affirmation of human life that enables Bellow to show us larky Augie March gnd describe hopeful, bright world in his following novel, The Adventules of Augie March.

Saul Bellow의 소설에 나타난 삶의 탐구와 의미

양경주 제주대학교 1988 논문집 Vol.26 No.1

As H. M. Harper says, the exploration of this mystery of human life is the purpose of Bellow's art. Accordingly, the understanding of how Bellow comes to a true knowledge of the reality of life is one of the most important factors to appreciate his novels. In this essay, Bellow's quest for life and its meaning in his novels from Dangling Man to Hercoy is discussed. The main results of this discussion are as follows. 1. In his novels Bellow searches for the reality of life through several systems of knowledge, for example, the thoughts of rationalism, empiricism, existantialism, and mysticism. His point of view shifts from rationalism to mysticism. 2. Bellow sees the reality of this world from the dualistic viewpoint. He suggests that reality consists of "false reality" and "genuine reality"-in Bellow's words, "Becoming" and "Being. " The false reality, "Becoming," is the ever-changing phenomenal world, and the genuine reality, "Being", is the unchangeable, essential world in opposition to the former. 3. Bellow shows us that through the modern positivist systems of thought based on rationalism and empiricism, we can understand only the false reality, the world of "Becoming," and not the genuine reality, the world of "Being." The latter is revealed only through our mystical experiences. In other words, Bellow takes the position that we cannot reach the essence of the genuine reality through man's reason, but that we can seize the essence only through the mystical approach to human life. 4. From the viewpoint of mysticism, a man is not a being who can be defined or explained in an epigram or with a theory, but a being who is beautiful and mysterious beyond the understanding of reason. Man's most precious mystical essence beyond the outward phenomena is a feeling of "love." Every man has this feeling of love, and this love makes a man a man and enables him to transcend and overcome all the restrictions which lay upon a human being's nobility. Therefore, it is because he can get at such a mystical essence of man that Bellow can insist on man's nobility and beauty and defend a human being against the 20th century's various thoughts and social forces that clearly express the nothingness of human existence.

Saul Bellow의 初期小說 硏究(Ⅲ) : Dangling Man에 있어서의 죽음

梁京柱 제주대학교 1982 논문집 Vol.14 No.1

Alienation has been one of the great concerns of Saul Bellow's critics. As K. M. Opdahl says, however, Saul Bellow has been haunted by the problem of evil and death, and from his first novel, Dangling Man, he continually struggle to solve them. In this thesis, the writer discusses the several issues about death in Dangling Man including the relationship between alientation and death. The main points are the following. At first appearance the problem of Joseph, the pro agonist of Dangling Man, seems to be alienation. The reason is that he is alienates, and his alienation gives him troubles throughout the novel. But we must not fail to notice that his alienation results from his agony of evil, deprevity and death of human beings caused by the frustration of his idealism. In other words, his alienation is the escape from reality in which his desire, that is the realization of his idealism, can not be accomplished, to the situation where the harriers against his desire are removed. In psychology, his alienation is his inadequate adjustment according to "defense mechnism." Therefore, Joseph's alienation is the outer aspect of his inner conflict-evil and death. Joseph's idealism lies in his belief of man's goodness and ability. His consciousness and horror of death is brought about by his mental attitude that he consider death as punishment for human beings' evil and deprevity as a result of such idealism. His main consciousness of his evil and the possibility of deprevity comes from his sexual guilty sense-for example, his love affair with Kitty and sexual desire to Dolly, his sister-in law and Etta, his nephew. To overcome this terrifing death, Joseph, who feel firmly convinced of man's ability, tries to become "a whole man" but in vain. Then, he can not help accepting death which makes him feel horror and escape from reality. In Dangling Man, as Joseph says "Continued life means expectation. Death is the abolition of choice. The more choice is limited, the closer we are to death," he consider death as "the abolition of choice. Therefore, he abhors the life in modern society in which limits man's possibility of choice, and escape from such city life to isolation. However, in isolation he finds another shadow of his death. The reason is that isolation itself is another abolition of choice. At last he voluntarily enter the Army, which is symbolic death because the army is a socity which puts aside personal free choice. The process to such death is represented through various death images, and the final acceptance of death by his will is "irony." In a way, as he is clearily aware that his volunteering for military service means his intentional abolition of choice which he accepts as death, Joseph's symbolic death can be a suicide. In addition, Emile Dur-kheim's theory of suicide, especially that of "egoistic suicide" is very suggestive in explaining Joseph's symbolic death as a suicide.

Saul Bellow의 소설에 나타난 소외와 적응 : 심리학적 해명

梁京柱 제주대학교 1986 논문집 Vol.16 No.1

In order to explain the psychological meaning of alienation and accommodation in Saul Bellow's novels the writer of this paper discussed the behaviors of the protagonists in Bellow's novels―Dangling Man, The Victim, The Adventures of Augie March, Seize the Day, Henderson the Rain King, and Herzog―in terms of general psychology, especilly the theory of "defense mechanism." The main points of this paper are as follows. The protagonists in Bellow's novels except Eugene Henderson in Henderson the Rain King have their own idealistic value systems. And they have strong desires to make out the meaning of reality according to them, and to realize their value systems. In Henderson's case, he does not have any value system. His desire is to establish his own value system with which he can grasp and interpret the meaning of the world and of life systematically and logically. In a word, their behaviors come from these desires. However, the desires of these protagonists are not so easily realized. Their desires are blocked by various barriers, and they are frustrated. In Bellow's novels the barriers which bring about their frustration appear in the shape of the actualities. In other words, the relation between their desires and their harriers is the opposition between their idealistic value systems and the real world. The protagonists try to assuage their worries, fears, and anxieties, caused by their frustration. They develop an inadequate or poor mode of adjustment, in the form of "defense mechanisms." For example, "escape or flight from reality," "negativism", "rationalization", "projection", "aggression", and "self-negation." Among their main defense mechanisms, "escape" is the most common and distinct one. They find "escape'" in several different ways in the novels. The first one is "flight from reality", in other words "going out of the places in which there is conflict or frustration", the second, "escape to their own inner world," the third, "escape to death." The escape to death in Bellow's novel is presented not through protagonists' real death but through a symbolic one by death imagery. Here, we can find out that the isolation of the protagonists is caused by this escape response, and that "alienation",one of the main topics of Bellow's critics is this very isolation Therefore, in psychology the alienation in Bellow's novels can be defined as one type of inadequate adjustment. "Escape" or Isolation caused by the flight from the situation that is frustrating. In addition, "escape" is used in order to relieve their fears and anxiety brought on by their failure to realize their desires. However, the protagonists cannot solve their problems and their frustrations, through these inadequate responses by defense mechanism, which only serves to increase their ordeals Finally, they come to realize that they cannot endure their ordeals any more, namely the impossibility of their existence without accepting reality This reality they previously rejected because they had regarded it as too dirty and cruel. In other words, their ordeal forces them to face the reality as it is, and by doing so, they understand the contradiction of their own value systems and realize the mysteries of life. Therefore, for the protagonist, theorizing or interpreting the reality according to their value systems is meaningless distortion of it, and all they can do is to accept it as it is. From the above argument, we can discover that the other main critical topic of Bellow's novels, "accommodation" appears in the form of facing reality and accepting it as it is, that is "adequate adjustment." For example. the protagonists have shown us that they come out of their "created reality" into "true reality" and have thus transformed themselves. Similarly, they have progressed from "inadequate adjustment" to "adequate adjustment." Therefore, we can reach a conclusion that in psychology "accommodation" in Bellow's novels is one mode of "adequate adjustment."

悲劇小說로서의 The Scarlet Letter : Tragedy of Psychology

梁京柱 제주대학교 1984 논문집 Vol.18 No.1

Nathaniel Hawthorne calls his novel The Scarlet Letter, a "romance." But nowadays many literary critics consider this romance rather as a tragic novel and discuss its tragic qualities. Most of them argue that Hester Prinne is a tragic heroine and the tragic vision of life is expressed through her tragic life. However, the writer of this paper cannot agree to such an idea. The first reason is that she does not show us any of the qualities of a tragic character such as suffering, learning, and struggle, except in the exposition (Chapters Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ). In other words, she is not a tragic heroine. The second reason is that because The Scarlet letter is a psychological novel dealing with "the effect of evil upon the human Psycho, we cannot flnd the events caused by the outer conflict and struggle between Hester and the Puritan society in New England; that ·is, the plot of the novel is not composed of such outer events. When we discuss this novel from the point of the psychological novel treating the effect of guilt consciousness upon human psyche, it is inevitable that the reader's interest is given not to Hestern or Chillingworth but to Dimmesdale. The reason is that only Dimmesdale, who is captured with the consciousness of evil, is struggling to free himself from his spiritual agony and the hypocrisy which results from it, and finally plunges into death, Dimmesdale, a tragic hero, shows us tragic qualities-suffering, learning, and struggle-through his agony and catastrophe, and we can explain the tragic elements of The Scarlet Letter only through his tragic life. But The Scarlet Letter is not the work of tragedy of fate, not of tragedy of character, and of course, not of tragedy of situation. It is one of tragedy of psychology, because the tragedy of Dimmesdale is caused by the psychological process, that is, guilt consciousness.

Seize the Day에 나타난 사회와 인간 : 加虐的 사회와 被虐的 理想主義者

梁京柱 제주대학교 1985 논문집 Vol.22 No.2

As K M. Opdahl says, Saul Bellow is a novelist who is compelled by a single issue, that is human dilemma in the modern society, and he has persistently dealt with the problem of human existence in all his novels. In Seize the Day, Bellow also presents the same problem through the economic and spiritual downfall of Tommy Wilhelm who declines to accept mamonism, the trend of the society and who insists that his mental world is more precious than that. Therefore, to promote the better appeciation of Bellow's literary theme and his novel, Seize the Day, the writer discusses the characteristics of the society and the characters in the novel and the relationship between the former and the latter, and obtains the results as following : 1) The society In the novel is a money-and-uniformity-oriented one, that is a one-demensional society, and its characteristic lies In sadism. Its sadistic character comes from mamonism and conformity. 2) In the novel, two kinds of people are depicted. The one ? Dr Adler, Tamkin, Margaret, etc. ? are sadistic one-demensional conformists who accept manonism without any hesitation and conflict. The other?Wilhelm?is a masochistic and idealistic deviant In the manonish, uniformity-oriented society. 3) In order to survive in that society, Wilhelm adopts the following mode of existence and activity as a result of "Inadequate adjustment" and "defence mechanism." : a) social isolation, b) value isolation, c) powerlessness, d) meaninglessness, e) anomie, f) loss of self and identity, g) anxiety and neurosis, h) regression i) masochism j) escape, etc.

Saul Bellow의 소설에 나타난 소외의 양상

梁京柱 제주대학교 1986 논문집 Vol.22 No.1

As a preliminary measure for explaining the theme of Bellow's novels-alienation-the writer of this paper examines the aspects of alienation of Bellow's heroes. The results of this examination are as follows 1 The important and distinctive aspects of their alienation can be divided into 4 categories, that is, (1) social isolation, (2) value isolation, (3) sense of incomprehensibility and powerlessness, and (4) anxiety and symptoms of neurosis. 2. Among these aspects of alienation, social isolation is most striking. This social isolation Consists of heroes' isolation from primary groups and that from secondary groups As the result of the former the heroes become monologists, and as the result of the latter social outsiders 3 Heroes' value isolation is caused by their disapproval of the value system or ideology of society or by their adherence to their idealistic value systems 4 Their third aspect of alienation is the sense of incomprehensibility and powerlessness. The sense of incomprehensibility is caused by their disability to grasp the dynamics of society and to forecast their future Their powerlessness is caused by their thoughts that they can not anticipate personal or social recompense for their deeds and that their future is under the control of certain external, social power 5 Their fourth aspect of alienation is their anxiety and symptom of neurosis. This aspect is shown through the heroes' obsession of death and sin, daydreams and hallucination, and impulsive hypersensitiveness 6 In the above results, we can find a characteristic feature of their alienation, in that their alienation, namely all the aspects of their alienation are caused by their value isolation In other words, it is clear that their alienation is brought about not by the social factors but by their idealistic value systems