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범주형 전환문항을 포함하는 항목 무응답 대체 방법 비교
이다희(Da Hee Lee),안형진(Hyonggin An) 한국자료분석학회 2023 Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society Vol.25 No.1
사회조사에서는 항목 무응답이 발생했을 때 무응답으로 인한 정보의 손실을 줄이는 하나의 기법으로 범주형 전환문항(unfolding bracket question)을 사용한다. 범주형 전환문항을 포함한 항목무응답은 구간중도절단된 생존자료와 구조가 유사한데, 범주형 전환문항을 포함한 항목 무응답을 처리하는 대체 방법과 관련한 연구는 제한적이므로 본 연구에서는 범주형 전환문항을 이용한 대체와 이용하지 않은 대체 성능을 살펴보았고 범주형 전환문항을 이용하는 세 가지 대체 결과를 비교하였다. 첫 번째는 선형회귀 기반의 최근접이웃 핫덱대체이고 두 번째는 개체별로 범주구간 내에서 동일한 확률로 대체값을 선택하는 균일분포를 이용한 대체이며 세 번째는 비모수적 최대가능도 추정법으로 추정한 생존함수를 이용하는 대체 방법이다. 범주형 전환문항을 이용하지 않은 대체는 핫덱대체를 고려하였다. 모의실험을 통해 제안된 세 대체 방법들의 성능을 평가하였고 고령화연구패널조사 3차조사 예제를 통해 실제 자료에 대한 적용방법을 설명하였다. 범주형 전환문항을 이용한 대체가 범주형 전환문항을 이용하지 않은 대체보다 성능이 좋았다. 범주형 전환문항을 이용한 대체의 경우 무응답률이 비교적 낮을 때 비모수적 최대가능도 추정법으로 추정한 생존함수를 이용하는 대체 방법의 성능이 좋았다. 무응답률이 클 때 평균 편향 측면에서는 선형회귀 기반의 최근접이웃 핫덱대체 방법이, 평균제곱근오차 측면에서는 비모수적 최대가능도 추정법으로 추정한 생존함수를 이용하는 대체 방법이 더 나은 결과를 보였다. In social surveys, unfolding bracket questions are used as a technique to reduce the loss of information due to nonresponse when item nonresponses occur. Item nonresponse, including unfolding bracket questions, has a similar structure to interval censored survival data. However, imputation methods to handle item nonresponses including unfolding bracket questions are limited. In this study, we examine performance of imputation with and without unfolding bracket questions. Also we compare three imputation methods to handle unfolding bracket questions. The First method is a linear regression-based nearest neighbor hotdeck imputation. Secondly, it is possible to consider a uniform distribution that selects a value with the same probability within the section for each individual. The third is an imputation method using the survival function estimated by the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation method. Hotdeck imputation was considered as an imputation for not using unfolding bracket questions. The performance of these imputation methods was evaluated through simulation and the KLoSA study is used to provide examples of the application of these methods to real data. Imputation methods using unfolding bracket questions showed better performance than the method without unfolding bracket questions. The performance of the imputation method using the survival function estimated by the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation method was better when the nonresponse rate was low and when the nonresponse rate is large in terms of root mean square error. When the non-response rate is large, the linear regression-based nearest neighbor hotdeck imputation method showed better results in terms of mean bias.
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간세포암 환자의 종양병기 평가에 대한 Up-to-Seven Score의 임상적 유용성
정창호 ( Chang Ho Jung ),서연석 ( Yeon Seok Seo ),이재민 ( Jae Min Lee ),윤석배 ( Seok Bae Yoon ),윤태정 ( Tae Jung Yun ),임선영 ( Sun Young Yim ),안형진 ( Hyonggin An ),엄순호 ( Soon Ho Um ),김창덕 ( Chang Duck Kim ),류호상 ( Ho 대한간암학회 2014 대한간암학회지 Vol.14 No.1
Background/Aims: Up-to-seven criteria was proven to be useful for predicting prognosis after liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to evaluate that up-to-seven score could be useful method for prediction of prognosis in patients with HCC who did not undergo liver transplantation. Methods: Between January 2006 and December 2008, 216 HCC patients without vascular invasion, lymph node and distant metastasis were analyzed retrospectively. We investigated the prognostic impact of laboratory findings, clinical characteristics, modified UICC T stage, and up-to-seven score in HCC. The survival analyses were performed using Kaplan-Meier Results: Two-hundred sixteen patients with HCC were included. Age was 60.1±11.3 years and 74.5% were male. Chronic hepatitis B was the most common cause of liver disease (60.6%). T stage was T1, T2, and T3 in 36 (16.7%), 118 (54.6%), and 62 (28.7%) patients, respectively. Up-to-even score was 5.5±4.0 and it was <3 (UTS 1), ≥3 and ≤7 (UTS 2), and >7 (UTS 3) in 36 (16.7%), 133 (61.6%), and 47 (21.8%) patients, respectively. The 10 (8.5%) patients of T2 stage were classified into UTS 3 and 25 (40.3%) patients of T3 stage were classified into UTS 2. The prognosis was significantly different in patients with T2 or T3 according to their UTS. Multivariate analysis showed that Child-Pugh score and UTS were significantly associated Conclusions: Up-to-seven score was useful to predict prognosis and to evaluate tumor stage in patients without vascular invasion, lymph node and distant metastasis.
KCI
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