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남녀구성비에 의한 직업 간의 임금격차분석:BPS 기법에 의한 실증분석
송일호 韓國計量經濟學會 1996 계량경제학보 Vol.7 No.-
본 논문은 여성근로자가 많이 종사하는 직업(female-dominated occupations: 이하 FD직업)을 가진 근로여성이 그렇지 않은 직종(other occupations: 이하 OT직업)에 비하여 받는 임금차별을 계량경제학적 기법을 이용해 추정함을 그 주된 내용으로 한다. 특히 본 논문에서는 기존 Sorensen(1989)의 연구에서 전체 근로여성을 포함시킴으로써 FD직업과 OT직업 간의 임금격차를 제대로 분석하지 못하였다고 보고, 경력여성만을 대상으로 계량분석을 행하였다.
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남녀구성비에 의한 직업간의 임금격차 분석 : BPS기법에 의한 실증분석 Empirical Study by BPS Approach
송일호 東國大學校 1996 東國論叢 Vol.35 No.-
Women's labor force participation in the U.S. has increased dramatically in the past few decades. This increase has resulted in a variety of research about women and their work. The purpose of this study is to estimate career women's earnings gap between female-dominated and other occupations. This study presents new definition of career women based upon women's previous working history and their important characteristics related to the labor force participations. Unlike previous studies, a bivariate probit selectivity approach is used to estimate the earnings gap between female-dominated and other occupations for a specific group of female labor market participants. Because of a different statistical technique, two important decisions for women who must decide before entering the labor market are considered, namely career-path and occupational-selection decisions. In other words, two separate wage equations for female-dominated and other occupations reflect those two important decisions of why women choose a career path and of why they select female-dominated or other occupations. Because this approach corrects the possible selection bias from the career-path and the occupational-selection decisions, the estimates of wage equations are expected to be consistent population parameters. The empirical results in this study show that there exist significant wage differentials between female-dominated and other occupations for career women. The estimated earnings gap ranges from 25.4% to 28.9% without controlling for industrial dummy variables. When included industrial dummy variables in wage equations, women in female-dominated occupations earn about 23.7% to 26.7% less than women in other occupations, once adjusted for endowment differences. This study concludes that differences in the explanatory variables included in wage equations do not explain a larger portion of the earnings gap, confirming the existence of wage gap between female-dominated and other occupations for career women.
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송일호,박민식 東國大學校 1997 東國論叢 Vol.36 No.-
A value-added tax(VAT) generally is a tax on goods and services and thus is a tax on consumption. Conventional economic wisdom holds that consumption taxes are passed forward to the consumer. Because poor people spend grater percentage of their annual income on consuption and thus would pay a greater percentage of their income on the VAT. In this perspective, the VAT tax would be regressive. In recent years : however, the perception that a VAT would be regressive has been questioned by many researchers who have conducted tax incidence analyses using a consumption measure to proxy for permament income. The purpoe of this paper is th investigate the burden of the VAT in Korea using estimated permanent income. In the first stage, the equation for income determination is estimated by OLS. The data utilized in this paper is 199r Korea Household Panel Study(KHPS). From the estimated permanent income, the VAT liability is computed based upon the income distribution in Korea. According to the empirical results of this paper, the VAT in Korea is not substantially regressive when permanent income is used to compute the VAT liability, no matter if the VAT is imposed on all the consumption expenditures or is exempted on some consumption expenditures such as medical, housing, and food expenditures. Finally, this paper suggests that the VAT in Korea should be carefully regulated for the range of exemption from taxation in order to maintain the original spirit of the VAT.
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