고주파 인가시의 KSTAR ICRF 안테나의 진공특성

배영덕,곽종구,홍봉근,Bae, Young-Dug,Kwak, Jong-Gu,Hong, Bong-Geon 한국진공학회 2006 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.15 No.3

KSTAR ICRF 안테나의 진공특성을 실험적으로 조사하였다. 제작된 안테나를 총 유효배기속도 1015 l/s의 진공펌프가 장착된 시험용 진공용기에 설치하였으며, 고주파 시험하기 전에 시간에 따른 압력 변화, 총기체 부하, 도달 진공도 등을 측정하였다. 낮은 출력의 고주파를 반복적으로 인가함으로서 세정 효과를 확인하였다. 안테나에 고주파를 인가하여 시험하는 동안 진공도 변화를 측정하였으며, 압력 상승에 의해 방전이 유발되는 한계 압력을 조사하였다. 본 안테나의 경우 고주파 인가 중에 진공용기의 압력이 $10^{-4}$ mbar 이상이 되면 방전이 일어났다. 장펄스 시험에서 안테나의 온도와 시험용 진공용기의 압력을 측정하여 안테나를 냉각하지 않은 상태에서 운전이 가능한 전압을 조사하였으며, 냉각했을 때의 결과와 비교하였다. The vacuum characteristics of the KSTAR ICRF antenna were experimentally investigated. The fabricated antenna was installed in the RF Test Chamber(RFTC) which has a vacuum system with an effective pumping speed of 1015 l/s. The time variations of RFTC pressure, total gas load and ultimate pressure were measured before the RF test. RF conditioning effect was studied by repeating RF pulses at low power level. A time variation of the RFTC pressure was measured during a RF power was applied to the antenna. Threshold pressure at which a RF breakdown occurs was investigated. Whenever the pressure was higher than $10^{-4}$ mbar, the RF breakdown occurred. During a long pulse testing, the temperature of the antenna and RFTC pressure were measured to investigate long pulse limitation of the maximum available voltage without any cooling, which were compared with testing results with a water cooling of the antenna.

핵융합로부품 시험을 위한 고열부하 시험시설 KoHLT-1 구축

배영덕,김석권,이동원,신희윤,홍봉근,Bae, Young-Dug,Kim, Suk-Kwon,Lee, Dong-Won,Shin, Hee-Yun,Hong, Bong-Guen 한국진공학회 2009 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.18 No.4

A high heat flux test facility using a graphite heating panel was constructed and is presently in operation at Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, which is called KoHLT-1. Its major purpose is to carry out a thermal cycle test to verify the integrity of a HIP (hot isostatic pressing) bonded Be mockups which were fabricated for developing HIP joining technology to bond different metals, i.e., Be-to-CuCrZr and CuCrZr-to-SS316L, for the ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) first wall. The KoHLT-1 consists of a graphite heating panel, a box-type test chamber with water-cooling jackets, an electrical DC power supply, a water-cooling system, an evacuation system, an He gas system, and some diagnostics, which are equipped in an authorized laboratory with a special ventilation system for the Be treatment. The graphite heater is placed between two mockups, and the gap distance between the heater and the mockup is adjusted to $2{\sim}3\;mm$. We designed and fabricated several graphite heating panels to have various heating areas depending on the tested mockups, and to have the electrical resistances of $0.2{\sim}0.5$ ohms during high temperature operation. The heater is connected to an electrical DC power supply of 100 V/400 A. The heat flux is easily controlled by the pre-programmed control system which consists of a personal computer and a multi function module. The heat fluxes on the two mockups are deduced from the flow rate and the coolant inlet/out temperatures by a calorimetric method. We have carried out the thermal cycle tests of various Be mockups, and the reliability of the KoHLT-1 for long time operation at a high heat flux was verified, and its broad applicability is promising. 본 한국원자력연구원에서는 국제열핵융합실험로(ITER)의 일차벽을 개발하기 위해 그라파이트 히터를 이용한 고열부하 시험시설 KoHLT-1(Korea Heat Load Test facility-1)을 구축하였으며, 현재 정상적으로 가동되고 있다. KoHLT-1의 주목적은 Be-CuCrZr-SS의 이종 금속이 HIP 방법에 의해 접합된 ITER 일차벽 mockup의 접합 건전성을 확인하는데 있다. KoHLT-1은 판형 그라파이트 히터, 냉각 jacket이 부착된 상자형 시험용기, 직류 전원, 냉각계통, He 기체 공급계통과 각종 진단계통으로 구성되어 있으며, 이 모든 시설은 Be 처리가 가능한 특수 정화계통이 설치된 실험실에 설치되었다. 그라파이트 히터는 두개의 시험 대상물 사이에 설치되며, 시험대상물과의 거리는 $2{\sim}3\;mm$이다. 시험 대상물의 크기와 요구되는 열유속에 따라 여러 가지의 그라파이트 히터를 설계, 제작하였으며, 전기 저항은 고온 운전 중에 $0.2{\sim}0.5{\Omega}$이 되도록 하였다. 히터는 100V/400 A의 직류전원에 연결되어 있으며, PC와 multi function module로 구성된 전류 조정계통에 의해 미리 프로그램되어 있는 패턴으로 전류를 자동 조절하게 된다. 두 시험대상물에 인가되는 열유속은 calorimetry법에 의해 냉각수의 입, 출구 온도와 유량을 측정하여 얻게 된다. 여러 가지 형태의 ITER 일차벽 Be mockups에 대해 고열부하 시험을 수행하였으며, 시험을 통하여 KoHLT-1 고열부하 시험 시설의 성능이 확인되었고, 24시간 이상의 연속 운전에 있어서도 그 신뢰성이 입증되었다.

李舜臣의 ｢壬辰日記｣에 첨부된 書簡文草에 대한 推論的 小考

崔熙東(CHOI, Hee-Dong),裵永德(BAE, Young-Dug),金明燮(KIM, Myong-Seop) 순천향대학교 이순신연구소 2006 이순신연구논총 Vol.- No.7

There remain 7 volumes for the war diary of Admiral Yi Sun-Sin’s original handwritings. In the 1st volume Imjin Ilgi(壬辰日記), script is about daily diary, draft memorials to Court(狀草), draft letters(書簡草) and memo written with a brush during the year of Imjin(1592) and the earlier part of year Kyesa(1593). One draft letter written on a separate sheet is attached on the last page of Imjin Ilgi. This draft letter had been classified to ‘Another letter to someone(Sang-mo-in-seo 2, 上某人書 二)’ in the Complete Writings of Admiral Yi Sun-Sin(李忠武公全書, 1795) which was compiled 200 years after his death(1598). The present work reviewed the sheet size, content of the draft letter and compared with relevant remarks in the references and contents of his diary on various other dates. It is concluded that the draft letter was certainly written in the latter part of Seventh Moon(7月), Year of Kabo(甲午, 1594) and hence was originally belonged to the 3rd volume Kabo Ilgi(甲午日記). Little is known about the reason and history of the present location of the draft letter sheet while a mistake is mostly suspected happened during the inheritage period of centuries. Attention is called for recovering the draft letter sheet at the original location.

史實에서 괴리된 근간의 ‘李舜臣’ 실명소설

박혜일(Bak Hae iLL),최희동(Choi Hee Dong),배영덕(Bae Young Dug),김명섭(Kim Myong Seop) 순천향대학교 이순신연구소 2004 이순신연구논총 Vol.- No.3

본 논고는 근래에 출판된 李舜臣 實名소설 세 편에 대해 史實과 다르거나 또는 허위날조된 내용들을 검토, 정리한 것이다. 우선 2001년에 동인문학상을 수상한 김훈의 『칼의 노래』(2001년)와 김탁환의 『불멸』(1998년)에 대해 살펴보았다. 이 두 소설은 한국방송공사(KBS)의 역사드라마 ‘불멸의 이순신’(2004년 9월 4일 첫 방송)의 원작으로 선정되기도 하였다. 또 일본의 대중소설인 아라야마 토오루의 『조선비첩』 (原題 : 高麗秘帖, 1999년)에 대해서도 간략하게 검토하였다. 『칼의 노래』는 대통령과 K장관이 격찬한 책이라 하여 한동안 화젯거리가 되기도 하였으며, 지금까지 국어학자 이익섭과 소설가 송우혜의 비판과 함께 간략한 서평도 있었다. 본 논고에서는 소설의 내용 중에서 주로 이순신의 친필일기 또는 여타의 기록 사료와 현저한 차이가 있는 부분에 대해서만 간추려 보았다. 『불멸』에 대해서는 송우혜의 면밀한 검토가 있었으므로, 여기서는 몇몇 사항만을 추가 지적하였다. 『조선비첩』의 작가는 한국어판 저자 서문에서, 『조선비첩』은 정통 역사소설이 아니라 時代傳奇小說이며, 난중일기 등의 사료를 바탕으로 뼈대를 세우고 거기에 허구를 입힌 것이라고 솔직하게 언급하고 있다. 그러나 허구의 범위를 제외한 내용 중에서도 史實과 다른 부분이 허다하므로, 그러한 사항들을 간략하게 살펴보았다. In recent years, following three pseudo-historical novels using the real names of Admiral Yi Sun-Sin and others for the characters have been published: □ Song of Sword(Saenggakŭi namu ed., 2001) by Kim Hoon(김훈), □ Immortal(Miraejiseong ed., 1998) by Kim Tak-Hwan(김탁환), □ Korai Hicho(高麗秘帖, title of Korean version : Chosŏnbichŏp, Shodensha Inc., Japan, 1999) by Arayama Toru(荒山 徹). This review reveals the distortions as well as malicious fabrications that appear in these novels concerning the life history of Admiral Yi Sun-Sin. The authenticity of the historical contents of the three novels has been carefully examined by comparing with those recorded in Yi Sun-Sin’s War Diary and other relevant sources. The examination has identified and confirmed numerous historical descriptions in the novels to be false. Such items are specified and annotated with critical comments in the main text of this review. Kim Hoon, the author of the novel Song of Sword, depicts Yŏjin(女眞) who appears in Yi Sun-Sin’s War Diary, as a woman. He then describes numerous bizarre sexual scenes of Yi Sun-Sin and Yŏjin in his novel. Despite there being no evidence to assume Yŏjin to be a name of woman from the Yi Sun-Sin’s War Diary, the writer appears to take a lecherous pleasure in presenting perverted affairs between Yi Sun-Sin and Yŏjin. Such a fictional setup is utterly unacceptable, as it describes one of Yi Sun-Sin’s most unhappy times. At the time, not only was Yi Sun-Sin in mourning for the unexpected death of his mother, but also he had been dismissed from his office of Supreme Commander of Naval Forces(水軍統制使). In the War Diary, it is recorded that Yi Sun-Sin mourned and mourned over the mother’s death and over the misfortune of himself. In the Kim Tak-Hwan’s Immortal, historical distortions are too numerous to relate. This review will thus focus just on the 4th volume of the novel which is sufficient for surmising the outline of the novel and the intent of the author. It is evident that the author attempts to depict Yi Sun-Sin’s respect for Wŏn Kyun throughout the novel. However, the Yi Sun-Sin’s evaluation of Wŏn Kyun reflected in his memorials sent to the Court and in his War Diary, suggests such depiction is unfounded. The novel also includes other preposterous scenes such as the one in which Yi Sun-Sin plots a coup d’état with his staff officers, which is a pure fabrication. In reviewing the Japanese writer Arayama Toru’s Korai Hicho, it should be pointed out that the novel has many descriptions severely distorted from the historical facts. Additionally, the novel includes several scenes depicting the obscene sexuality as well as the brutality which are perhaps more befitting of typical Japanese popular novels. The author also seems to revel in concocting some ridiculous plots in the novel such as one in which a Japanese commander dispatches assassins to infiltrate the Yi Sun-Sin’s fleet to kill Yi Sun-Sin only to be defeated by another Japanese commander who tries to save Yi Sun-Sin. In conclusion, it is clear that the character Yi Sun-Sin in these novels does not depict the historical Admiral ‘Yi Sun-Sin’ who achieved the most distinguished victories during the Japanese invasion(1592~1598). Also, it is evident that the main aims of the three authors are not in presenting a story based on historical facts, but in writing popular novels and profiteering from using the name of ‘Yi Sun-Sin’ as a commercial brand to hoard popularity. Finally, it is emphasized that biography is the only true history and precise biography realizes a true historical novel.

무술년(1598년) 이순신의 최후 結陣處 - ‘㹨島’에 관한 고찰

박혜일(Bak Hae iLL),최희동(Choi Hee Dong),배영덕(Bae Young Dug),김명섭(Kim Myong Seop) 순천향대학교 이순신연구소 2013 이순신연구논총 Vol.- No.20

‘유도(㹨島)’는 이순신이 무술년(1598) 9월부터 11월까지 순천왜성에 주둔한 코니시 유키나가(小西行長) 왜군의 퇴각로를 차단하고 공격을 주도하였던 진처로 전해지고 있다. 이 중요한 결진처의 위치에 대해 이순신의 일기 원문 판독본으로부터 숱한 번역본에 이르기까지 기존 문헌자료의 오류가 답습되어 온 것이 사실이다. 본 논문에서는 이순신의 일기 무술년 9월 20일조의 기록에 나타난 ‘유도(㹨島)’의 친필원문을 재검토하고 현재 위치에 관련된 추론을 제시하였다. 이순신의 전사 후 약 100년이 지난 뒤 쓰여진 필사본 「日記抄」를 통해 이 ‘유도(㹨島)’ 지명이 무술 11월 11일조 일기에도 나타남을 확인한 바, ‘유도(㹨島)’는 이순신이 노량해전에서 전사하기 직전 마지막으로 결진한 장소임을 밝혔다. 또한, ‘유도(㹨島)’의 위치에 관련해 서울대학교 규장각에 소장된 조선 후기 고지도를 전수조사한 바, 수 종의 고지도에서 현재 광양만에 위치한 ‘묘도(猫島)’ 위치에 ‘유도(㹨島)’가 기입되어 있음을 확인하였다. 이순신의 일기에 나타난 ‘㹨’자는 ‘猫’자와 구분되어야 함을 당대의 자전에 근거하여 밝혔으나, 현재로서는 ‘묘도(猫島)’의 옛 지명을 식별할 방법은 발견되지 않는다. 한편 지역민들의 구전 전승은 현재 묘도에의 연륙도인 ‘괴섬, 괴입섬’과 ‘유도(㹨島)’의 연관성을 나타내고 있다. ‘Yudo(㹨島)’ is known as a camp position where admiral Yi Sun-Sin pushed the siege to the Japanese military of Konishi Yukinaga(小西行長) stationed at the Japanese fortress in Suncheon with cutting off their retreat from the 9th month to the 11th month of the lunar year Mu-Sul(戊戌, 1598). Regarding the location of this important island, the mistakes in the existing literatures from deciphered versions of Yi Sun-Sin’s original handwritings to the several translations have been followed. In the present work, the original handwriting of the ‘Yudo(㹨島)’ presented in record of the 20th day of the 9th month of Mu-Sul(1598) of the Yi Sun-Sin’s Diary is re-examined, and a speculative opinion associated with its current location is given. It is confirmed that the place name, ‘Yudo(㹨島)’ had been used in the 11th day of the 11th month of Mu-Sul(1598) by 「Selected Copy of the Yi Sun-Sin’s War Diary(日記抄)」 that was written with a brush roughly 100 years after the Yi Sun-Sin’s death(1598). Thus, it is verified that ‘Yudo(㹨島)’ is the last place where Yi Sun-Sin’s naval fleet made a military camp(結陣) on record of the Yi Sun-Sin’s War Diary. Also, through a complete enumeration survey on the antique maps of late Joseon Period preserved at the Kyujanggak of the Seoul National University, we confirmed that the ‘Yudo(㹨島)’ had been used in several maps at the same location as ‘Myodo(猫島)’ in the Kwangyang Bay area. We showed that the character ‘㹨’ presented in the Yi Sun-Sin’s Diary should be distinguished from the character ‘猫’ on the basis of the Chinese Dictionary of the time. However, for now, the original name of the island is not identified. Additionally, the oral tradition of the local residents suggests that there is a link between ‘Goe-Seom, Goeip-Seom’, a region incorporated into ‘Myodo(猫島)’ and ‘Yudo(㹨島)’.

‘李舜臣의 日記’「日記抄」의 내용 평가와 親筆草本 결손 부분에 대한 복원

朴惠一(Bak Hae-ill),崔熙東(Choi Hee-Dong),裵永德(Bae Young-Dug),金明燮(Kim Myong-Seop) 한국학중앙연구원 2000 한국학 Vol.23 No.1

李舜臣의 鳴梁海戰

朴惠一(Bak Hae-iLL),崔熙東(Choi Hee-Dong),裵永德(Bae Young-Dug),金明燮(Kim Myong-Seop) 한국학중앙연구원 2002 한국학 Vol.25 No.3