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裵京漢 新羅大學校 1983 論文集 Vol.14 No.-
The may fourth new culture movement in China was started by the awakening of the new chinese intelligentsia, who became to think that the real demoeratic republic would not be established without the ideological reform of all Chinese, Ch'en Tu-hsiu was a prominent leader of the movement. The basic ground of the early thought of Ch'en was social darwinism like that of many other thinkers of late Ch'ing period. But he was different from other thinkers, because he considred chinese traditional inheritance of the confucian orders as an inferior one to be wholly eliminated. He claimed that China must accept democracy and science that he regarded as the core of Western civilization. His excessive praise of the merits of the West delayed his understanding of imperialism. He was so deeply absorbed in the merits of the West that he could not see objectly the contradiction of Western capitalism which was invading China. The motive that he changed his attitude toward the West is the disappointment at the solution of China problem on Paris peace conference. Though he had praised the triumph of the Allied Powers as a triumph of justice over the compulsion, the conference decided that various concessions of Germany in Shantung must be trnsfered to Japan. During and after the conference he became to understand the real meaning of imperialism of the West itself. The success of Russian Revolution gave an alternative to Ch'en who had lost the plan for the construction of new China. Immediately after the October Revolution, Ch'en payed little attention to it. He seemed to understand it as an establishment of western demcoracy like Li Ta-chao(李大釗), who became to understand it as Bolshevick Revolution before long. But he could positively conceive the meaning of Russian Revolution in a year. He accepted an alternative of Marxist Revolution instead of the West after the peace conference. We can say that Ch'en had sufficient inner reasons to accept Marxism before he contacted Voitinsky who came to China at 1920 as a delegate from Comintern to build communist cell in China.
1920, 30년대 上海의 衛生 : 衛生의 法制化와 科學化 衛生的法制化和科學化
裵京漢 중국근현대사학회 2003 중국현대사연구 Vol.17 No.-
1927年7月, 上海特別市政府剛剛成立以後設立了上海市衛生局。衛生局自從成立之日起, 爲了實現體系化的衛生行政, 不斷地改編和擴大了組織, 使之更趨完善。增加財政預算的同時制定各種規定和制度, 使衛生行政成爲法制化。在主要區設立衛生事務所、診療所、市立醫院、戒煙醫院、戒毒所等衛生局所屬的各種醫療機關, 從道路淸掃等單純的環境衛生中擺脫出來, 開展各種傳染病預防以及各項統計工作, 同時爲患者治療疾病, 使衛生行政走上科學化的軌道。 以學校學生爲對象進行衛生敎育强調了學校衛生的重要性, 給小學生定期進行身體檢査, 發現病情及施行治療。在小學校作爲實施方案把衛生納入到正規課程, 對學生進行了衛生敎育。與此同時, 在衛生局的領導和主持下, 以學生和一般市民爲對象고了衛生運動, 通過這些運動大力宣傳了淸潔的必要性以及疾病預防的必要性, 讓人們講公共衛生。這裏也包括了以救國爲前提的民族主義主張。從1928年開始, 對死亡率, 出生率, 傳染病發生率等進行了基礎性統計, 我們從這裏能看出20-30年代上海衛生行政的變化, 能看出爲實現更加體系化、科學化的衛生行政所作出的努力, 在這過程中統計工作又是一項非常重要的工作。 可稱之爲衛生的法制化和科學化的1920, 30年代, 上海出現了不少變化, 通過這些變化, 能看出近代國民國家在確立統治體制的過程中, 以市政府爲代表的國家權利通過衛生行政深深介入市民生活的情況。當然, 通過各區衛生委員會的結構所能看到的那樣, 雖然以前的公共領域仍然存在, 但整體上來講, 衛生和醫療已被國家的權利所利用, 換句話講, 把衛生作爲統治的一種工具, 從這裏能看出上海社會‘近代’秩序。 령一方面, 引進先進的西歐自然科學, 實施了科學的防疫法以及治療法, 同時開始作了衛生統計, 這些作爲近代生活的方式, 給市民生活帶來了巨大的變化。當然, 這些衛生的科學化同傳統的衛生或醫療方式是否産生過矛盾, 就象中醫團體積極介入衛生行政所作出的努力那樣, 一言難斷。雖然如此, 不管근傳統的連續性즘마樣, 在城市環境和市民生活的巨大變化中, 能구確認科學的生活化或普遍化這樣一個‘近代性’的面貌。