松島海水浴場 沙濱 流失防止對策에 關한 硏究

박금식 釜慶大學校 1998 국내석사

Marx의 과학기술론에 대한 연구

박금식 부산대학교 1999 국내석사

I have argued that Marx's approach to capitalism carries some distinct advantages as an intellectuals tool in a theory of science & technology. Availability of science & technology as productive forces at historically significant point makes possible the accelerated accumulation of capital by the bourgeoisie. But the entrance of science & technology into the production force is contingent upon other factors, such as the increasing ownership of the means of production by capitalists. Marx's view of the connection of human characteristics to science & technology in the development of the forces of production may be summarized in the following way. A set of human attributes provides the logic of the development of the forces of production and their primacy over other features of social relation. Another set of environmental conditions facilitate development at various points in history. Science & technology in among them. Although Marx did not concentrate on the ecological critique of capitalism in his writings. No doubt because he thought that capitalism would be replaced by a society of freely associated producers long before such problems could be come truly critical. His allusion to sustainable indicate that he was acutely aware of the ecological depredation of the system. In Marx's view, the capitalism-nature relationship has a specific antagonistic character constituted by the wage-labor form of exploitation that underpins the value from of the commodity. Hence, the struggle for an ecologically rational production system must be in major part a struggle to over come capitalist exploitation and the commodity form of the products of labor and nature. Also, Environmental risks underline the need to conceptually rethink modern society and its relationship to work. The Marx's critique of the science & technology has not been restricted to work. Besides providing an "historical materialist" basis for overcoming hierarchically ordered societies, moreover, the greater flexibility of the information strategy, participative design, and similar innovations permits an intensification of the interplay of voices both in the politics of current workplace and in the free atmosphere of a society it is to be hoped will come, a society at once democratic, socialist, and without alienation. Science & technology are everywhere, inseparable from our humanity. If the world is to work in the 21st century it will be because ecosystem, humanity, science & technology work together. And perhaps, if we can make them work together well enough, we will come to understand that they are really the same thinng.

과학기술의 사회적 수용과정에 관한 연구 : 1980년대 이후 한국의 정보기술과 생명공학을 중심으로

박금식 부산대학교 대학원 2003 국내박사

과학기술이 한 사회에서 수용되는 과정은 그 사회의 사회문화적 요소에 크게 영향받게 된다. 사회문화적 요소는 그 사회의 특수성에 따라 과학기술에 대한 각 주체의 담론으로 반응하게 된다. 따라서 한 사회의 과학기술의 수용과정은 이를 매개하는 각 주체들, 즉 세계체제, 국가, 자본, 시민사회 등의 상호복합적인 역학관계 속에서 이루어지게 된다. 이 논문에서는 다양한 사회내의 주체세력의 결집장이 될 수밖에 없는 과학기술의 사회적 수용과정이라는 측면에 초점을 맞추어 각 세력간의 상호작용을 분석하였다. 또한 우리 사회의 정보기술과 생명공학의 사회적 수용과정과 관련된 사회 구성원의 인식 및 태도를 변화시킬 수 있었던 가장 주요한 동인이 무엇인지를 규명해 보았다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 1980년 이후 정보기술과 생명공학에 대한 우리 사회의 수용과정의 주체라고 할 수 있는 국가, 자본, 지식의 장, 시민사회(시민운동), 지식의 장 등의 각 주체들이 가지는 역동적 관계를 분석틀로 삼았다. 본 연구에서 드러난 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 1980년대 이후 한국 사회에서 정보기술과 생명공학의 수용은 세계체제, 국가, 자본 영역의 역할이 두드러지는 특징이 발견되었다. 또 정보기술의 경우에는 시민운동과 비판적 지식인의 장에 별다른 저항 없이 수용되는 측면이 강하다. 물론 이러한 수용과정으로 인한 예상하지 못한 부작용들에 대한 대책에 있어서는 1990년대 중반이후 시민운동과 지식인 장에서 끊임없는 문제제기를 외면할 수 없는 상태에 직면하게 된다. 그럼에도 불구하고 전체적으로 1990년대 중반까지는 한국 사회의 정보기술의 수용과정에서는 시민사회와 비판적 지식의 장 등의 동참자를 배제한 측면이 강한 것이 발견되었다. 또 생명공학의 경우에는 우리 사회에서 1980년대 초반부터 세계체제, 국가, 자본 등의 논리를 등에 업고 수용되는 과정을 발견할 수 있었다. 2) 1980년대와 1990년대 초반 한국의 대표 과학기술은 정보기술이었다. 이때 우리 사회는 그 이면에 부여된 각종 이데올로기에 대한 사회구성원들의 문제제기의 과정도 없이 받아들이기에 급급하였다. 물론 1990년대 후반 인터넷의 급격한 증가로 인해 그 역할이 분명해진 정보시민운동으로 대별되는 시민운동의 등장이 있었지만, 1990년대 중반까지 우리는 끊임없이 차세대 국가경쟁력은 정보기술이라고 믿고 있었으며, 설득당하고 있었다. 이런 가운데 생명공학이 일반시민의 공간으로 갑자가 튀어나오게 된 것은 1990년대 중반의 차세대 미래전략산업이라는 국가의 논리와 1997년 이후 복제양 돌리의 탄생으로 인한 전세계적인 생명공학에 대한 문제제기가 요인으로 작용하게 된다. 3) 정보기술의 확산과 시민단체의 성장은 생명공학의 사회적 수용과정에서 낙관적 전망론이 득세를 부리던 정보기술의 도입과는 다른 분위기가 형성된다. 즉 1990년대 중반 이후 우리 사회에서는 생명공학에 대한 낙관적 분위기보다는 사회문화적 맥락 없이 무조건 수용하는 것에 대한 끊임없는 문제제기가 일게된다. 이러한 문제제기의 주요한 공간은 시민사회 영역에서의 시민단체들이었으며, 이러한 단체의 방향을 설정하는 역할을 하게 되는 것은 대항적 지식의 장으로 밝혀졌다. 1980년대 정보기술의 도입기만 하더라도 과학기술에 대한 전망은 발전을 당연한 것으로 받아들이고 그것의 속도를 저울질하는 것이 주종을 이루었다. 그러나 생명공학의 도입과정에서는 과학기술과 사회적 수용능력의 조화가 큰 과제로 등장하고 있다. 즉 우리 사회에서 정보기술의 경우 과학기술이 사회발전의 핵심 동력이라는 점을 강조하기 위해 기술결정론적인 시각이 부상했다면, 생명공학과 1990년대 후반 정보기술의 부작용은 과학기술을 사회적으로 어떻게 조절ㆍ통제할 것인가에 대한 기술의 사회적 형성의 관점으로 이행하게 만들었다. 4) 1990년대 중반이후 한국 사회의 생명공학의 사회적 수용과정에서 부각되는 다양한 세력들의 참여는 맥락모형의 입장에서 이해된다. 즉 이전까지 국가와 자본이라는 어떻게 보면 단일주체적인 성격의 강조가 아니라 다양한 사회구성원들의 복합적인 맥락에서 수용되는 과정을 밟고 있는 것이다. 1990년대 후반 들어 한국에서 시도된 유전자조작식품과 생명복제란 주제로 열린 두 번의 합의회의, 생명윤리위원회의 활동 등은 이러한 맥락모형에 입각한 사회적 수용과정으로 이해될 수 있다. 5) 우리나라의 경우에는 아직 기술의 사회적 형성론과 맥락모형의 접합점인 사회적 합의를 통한 과학기술의 민주화라는 용어 자체부터가 생소하게 여겨지고 있다. 그러나 1990년 후반 정보기술과 생명공학에 관련된 시민단체의 운동을 중심으로 과학기술의 민주화에 대한 문제의식이 확산되고 지지되고 있다. 정보기술과 생명공학을 통한 사회적 수용과정을 통해 알 수 있는 사실은 과학기술과 일반시민의 관계가 이전에 유행했던 기술결정론과 결핍모형에서 기술의 사회적 형성론과 맥락모형으로 변화하는 움직임이다. This study presents the social adoption-process of information technology and biotechnology in Korea after the 1980’s. The most name of this studying subject is firstly, what social diagnosis is accompanied with the science and technology adoption in Korea after the 1980’s, secondly, what the origin should be if there exists new trends in science and technology adoption in the society. The adoption of science and technology in a society is advanced under the critical influence of its specific culture features normally. Theses features also respond to the adoption of science and technology due to its social peculiarity. The social adoption of science and technology is achieved therefore under the dynamic relationship among international structure, government, companies and civil society. An important focus of this study is to examine the property of each bodies which occupied as the main forum for the social adoption-process of science and technology for this examination. The searching study is deployed on the main point of its information technological and biotechnological aspect after the 1980’s in Korea. Another is to define the major motive which results in the various social understanding about the social adoption-process of information technology and biotechnology in Korea. Accordingly, this study starts at the approach of the dynamic relationship among international structure, government, intellectual sector, and civil society which functions as the social main bodies for the social adoption-process of information technology and biotechnology in Korea after the 1980’s. The 'intellectual sector' is defined herein as the group which raises the ideological issue such like bringing-up governmental, social and private competitiveness from the social adoption of science and technology. To resume this studying result is following; In case of social adoption-process of information technology and biotechnology in Korea, there exists obvious influential role of international structure, government, and private sector(such as companies) after the 1980’s. Taking global competitiveness of information technology in the angle of civil movement and intellectual sector is certainly possible without many side issues. This relative facility of course would bring about unexpected side effect after the middle 1990’s then we could hardly dodge this emerging new troublesome in civil movement and intellectual sector. However, it deems systematically impossible to play the leading part in the social adoption-process of information technology the civil society and counter-intellectual sector in Korea. Furthermore, the introduction process for biotechnology has had strong tendency to come under the logical backing of international structure, government and companies since the early 1980’s. Due to for example, the possible disadvantage and unremunerative issue for the matter of benefit to lead the van of biotechnology introduction it was the governmental sector which foots the cornerstone of biotechnology introduction generally. This shows the same logical following to the undergoing process of information technology. That is, once it obtains certain outcome in the governmental sector they changes the player as companies. The representative science and technology was informational technology in Korea between the 1980’s and the early 1990’s. In fact, the society was absorbed to promptly accomodate itself with information technology but for looking at its ideological side. Owing to the rapid increase of the internet, the civil movement starts to cover much ground of the society with definite characteristics as information civil movement. However, the continual thirst for information technology with great belief could be the key of national competitiveness for next generation till the middle 1990’s. While this syndrome for information technology continued, biotechnology came to new issuing point over the global raising argument in the middle 1990’s. The government also presents the biotechnology as the strategic industry of further generation and it results in biotechnological interest to the civil society. That is, biotechnology rested behind the black boxing ideology yet in the international sector, government and companies till the 1990’s. The real emerging of biotechnology on the civil ground is since the first successful cloning of sheep, Dolly, in 1997. The expansion of information technology and growth of civil group at the time did not contribute to optimize the in the social adoption-process of biotechnology. This was originally different phenomenon in that of information technology. The ceaseless issue and argument claiming the random adoption without social filtering about biotechnology after the middle 1990’s. It surely seems far from the optimist point of view. Almost critical issue about came to discuss in civil sector or citizen group. The group nearly all would be characterized as counter intellectual sector. One of the most important task for the social adoption-process of information technology and biotechnology is, as shown here in previous, is arrived to harmonize the science and technology and social capacity for adopt this new scientific wave in the life of society. As the counter effect of science and technology which could be harmful to human being increases despite its positive effect the harmonization between this science and the society seems indispensable. Mass medium has been concentrated its radar upon several considerable social argument related to science and technology directly and indirectly after 1980’s. There’s been various civil active concerning to information technology. The effort of civil movement to establish bio-ethics fundamental law which should control the GMO(genetically modified organisms), life cloning and biotechnology has been widely deployed after the late 1990’s. Indeed, speedy adoption of information technology has deemed as major social task so to overtake the vision of future science and technology. Biotechnology however, for its adoption the main social point of view is on its harmonization to social adoption capacity. To explain the social adoption-process of information technology, it was technological determinism mainly indicated under the public opinion saying science and technology. It is one of the essential dynamic feature to progress the society. But the ill effect which result about immaturely adopting information technology and the newly emerging issue of biotechnology make lay the social attention to the regulation and control about science and technology socially in the late 1990’s. The fact that broad participation of various group to the social adoption-process of biotechnology after the middle 1990’s could be understand in the position of the contextual model of public understanding of science. Means, the social main body would be understand from the moment as complexity of various constituent no more as singularity of state or capital. With the contextual model of public understanding of science researchers do not select the methodology based on for example, massive survey and analysis often programmed for the public relation of the social adoption-process any more. But the researchers prefer to choose the local experimental study methode such like participation observation, long term panel interview, structured depth interview which enables the understanding of specific individuals or groups reaction above certain situation. The consensus conference about GMO and the life cloning in twice time and the active of the Korea bio-ethics advisory committee(in the year 2000-2001) in Korea merge into this methodology. The common point of social shaping of technology and the contextual model of public understanding of science is described briefly the technological citizenship. This technological citizenship is recognized politically then is supported socially in several developed country. But this term do not have its popularity and understanding in Korea. In the means time, the civil movement makes expand, however social critical mind about information technology and biotechnology gradually. The consensus conference, some studies, presents and introduces which led by the participation of citizen in policy making-process is coming out on social ground. The progress about social adoption-progress of information technology and biotechnology is ultimately moving its base from the deficit model of public understanding of science to the social shaping of technology and contextual model of public understanding of science.