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李華彥,(Hua-Yen LEE) 경북대학교 아시아연구소 2010 아시아연구 Vol.- No.10
明朝開國後,與蒙古一直是敵對關係,期間,蒙古經歷數次分裂,勢力衰微,部分蒙古部落內附明朝,居住於長城沿線衛所,每年領取明朝撫賞銀,從事守邊、哨探任務,此羈縻政策遂成為明末北邊軍政重要的一環。萬曆末年,明金戰爭開啟後,游牧於長城沿邊的數十萬蒙古族成為明、金(1636 年後為清)兩大強權間的緩衝勢力,雙方都不敢輕忽,明朝更亟欲拉攏蒙古以鞏固日益危急的邊防。天啟、崇禎之交,蒙古插酋—韃靼林丹汗崛起,取代原在宣府、大同、山西領取撫賞銀的順義王卜失兔之地位,並欲承襲其利權,興兵威迫明朝承認,因此而生崇禎初年一段對外的財政檢討。本文藉此探討明末北方邊境蒙古族出自現實考量下的反應,及明朝重整困乏財政的策略,以釐清明、金、蒙三者間的互動關係和明金力量消長終至易代的主要原因。在晚明遼東與金作戰的佈局中,撫賞銀雖然不是主軸,卻在維繫明與蒙古間扮演關鍵索鏈的角色。蒙古向來是漠南到遼東這一廣闊之區的主要居民,林丹汗索賞除了因龐大銀兩的驅使外,還有以元帝裔耀武揚威的意涵在。明思宗、皇太極能成功籠絡蒙古者,將穩控遼東之勢,林丹汗亦知悉此理,他不只在夾縫中求發展,更欲與兩者鼎足而立,戰時遼東亟需物資,總數達5,794,723.144 兩的撫賞銀對蒙古而言是最大資源所在,故使明蒙因此對話,也突顯出撫賞銀政策在這段歷史中不容忽視的影響力。 The Ming Empire had always kept in a state of hostility with Mongolia after its establishment. For the duration, Mongolia split up into opposing parts and decayed in the course of time. Some Mongol tribes attached to the Ming Empire, lived next to the Wei-So along the Great Wall. They drew ‘pacific fund’ from the Ming court every year and engaged in affairs of national defence. This was an important part of the detainment and mollification policy in the north borderland from the initial stage to the late Wan-li Era. The Ming-Qing War continued for about thirty years later and these several ten hundred thousands of Mongolian played an undisregard buffer force between the two large ones. Both Ming and Qing wanted to rope Mongol in its own military actions. On the occasion of Tian-Qi and Chong-Zheng Eras, Lin-Dan Khan rose abruptly in Shan-Xi, replaced Bu-Shi-Tu, Prince of Shun-Yi, as the leader of Mongolian and forced the Ming court to recognize the plain facts. Therefore, the Chong-Zheng court began to inspect the state of finance. In this dissertation, I try to look up how Mongolian react to this difficult situation through their prudent thought and what was the Ming court’s policy to rearrange its hard finance, and clarified the interaction relationship among the three. On the overall arrangement of the Liaodong Peninsula during the Ming-Jing War, the ‘pacific fund’ was not a spindle but a main chain between Ming and Mongolia. From the south of the Gobi Desert to Liaodong, since Mongolia was always the chief inhabitant here, its leader Lin-Dan Khan asked huge pecuniary reward as much as he could and showed off his military strength to Ming. Lin-Dan Khan was the one of Genghis Khan’s lineal descent. Anyone who wanted to control the Liaodong Peninsula steadily could not ignore him. He searched any chance to grow in strength on the crack between the two countries. It was short of supplies on that wide area during the long wartime, so the ‘pacific fund’ became the largest resource to Lin-Dan Khan. The total amount aggregated 5,794,723.144 taels. Besides the ‘pacific fund’, the Ming government also prepared furs, much cloth, teas, and pearls for Mongolia. Through the business transactions, Mongolia tribes and Ming talked to each others, formed an alliance, and took what they needed. The ‘pacific fund’ policy has the significant influence in this time. We ought to investigate this historical affair more deeply.
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초국가적 자녀 양육으로 보는 조선족 가족의 문화적 지속성과 변용
리화 중앙대학교 중앙사학연구소 2014 중앙사론 Vol.0 No.39
In this thesis, I aim to reexamine cultural continuity and transformation of Josenjok(Korean-Chinese) families by examining the transnational children rearing/care phenomena followed by mass international migrations. The research methods are long term in-depth interviews of inhabitants in B village of Jilin(省) Yanji city Chaoyangchuanzhen(鎭) from January 2004 to April 2013. In addition, in March 2013, I conducted the survey over 144 students at one of the high schools in Yanbian and analyzed the results of the survey to show broader range of transnational child care practices. In conclusion, on one hand, the child care practices are carried by close cooperation between parents (mainly by mother) who are leaving their children behind and other family members or relatives who live close with the children. The existing ideology about family and kinship is still in effect within these child care cooperations. However, on the other hand, the traditional family ideology has remarkably been reconstructed by continuous adjusting and negotiating, not has remained intact. These changes show us that the cultural continuity and transformation of Josenjok(Korean-Chinese) families coexist in their child care. Thus, the transnational practices of Josenjok(Korean-Chinese) families should be understood and analyzed as a dynamic process which makes full use of various networks on the basis of traditional ideology while adjusting to new environment.
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국경을 초월하여 공생하는 조선족가족 : 한국이주노동으로 인한 분산거주경험을 중심으로
리화 중앙대학교 중앙사학연구소 2012 중앙사론 Vol.0 No.36
20世纪90年代以来,在中国朝鲜族社会,以个人为单位的赴韩务工急速增长,导致了大量跨国家庭的形成。本文以出境劳务,特别是赴韩务工所引发的分散居住为切入点,关注朝鲜族家庭所经历的结构性变化及其选择与策略,试图理解他们跨越国境而共同经营家庭的生活模式。文中使用的资料均为笔者自2004年以来的实地调查所得,调查对象即是吉林省延边朝鲜族自治州延吉市朝阳川镇T村的居民及其家庭。通过观察朝鲜族“户”的构成,笔者发现曾在同一“户”生活的“家人”不断以个人为单位进行短期或长期的移居的行为在很大程度上动摇了“家庭”与“户”人员构成的一致性,以至于朝鲜族“户”的结构呈现出多种多样的形态。但这绝不意味着家庭的解体。他们跨越了国境与“户”,履行着各种家庭功能。另一方面,为了执行这样的功能,成员之间展开的跨国合作与交流,更是强化了家庭的纽带。亦即相对于主张把共同居住作为衡量家庭最重要的指标,对朝鲜族家庭的分析更应注重家庭的凝聚力和文化内涵。当然,我们也不能忽视在跨国家庭的形成与维系的过程中,所显现出的包括离婚、留守儿童等问题的负面影响,但这种负面影响与家庭的解体并不能相提并论。
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광대역 특성을 갖는 인쇄형 Quasi-Yagi 다이폴 배열 안테나
리화,전병태,이석곤,안병철 충북대학교 산업과학기술연구소 2002 산업과학기술연구 논문집 Vol.16 No.2
In this paper, we present a design of an array of printed Yagi dipoles. The Yagi dipole antenna consists of a driver element fed by a co-planar stripline, a director and a reflector. The co-planar stripline is in turn fed by an input microstrip line via a transition/balun structure. The finite ground plane used for the microstrip feed line also serves as a reflector element in the Yagi antenna. First the performance of the Yagi antenna is optimized for a wide bandwidth and a high gain. Then a four-element array of the Yagi dipole is realized using a corporate feed network. The designed array shows a reflection coefficient less than -10dB, and a gain of 10.5dB over 11.5-13.5GHz.
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氣體(기체)-液體(액체) 크로마토그래피에 의한 C₁-C(5) 탄화수소류의 同時分析(동시분석)과 그 適用(적용)
리선행 ( Sun Haing Lee ),리화신 ( Hwa Shim Lee ),서정기 ( Jeung Ki Seo ) 경북대학교 과학교육연구소 1989 科學敎育硏究誌 Vol.13 No.-
The 18 components of C1-C5 hydrocarbons were well separated on a single, packed column operated ated around 40t within 20 mm. The chromatographic column is 25% sebaconitrile / chromosorb PAW (lOrn x O3cm, 60-80 mesh). The optimum flow rate was determined by making a simple Van Deemter plot of the number of theoretical plates VS. linear gas velocity. The most efficient flow-rate of N2 carrier gas was at 35mg / mm, and the mumber of theoretical plates was 5,000-10,000. The linearity of calibration curves were checked ranging ppm to % concentration of CR4 and C:1 11$. Peak through C5 hydrocarbons, and relative standard deviations of 10 measures were less than 2.1%.
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