소비자 신뢰도를 높인 친환경 인증마크의 등급제 제안

나동규,김지수,김민섭,나영주,Na, Dong-Kyu,Kim, Jisu,Kim, Minsup,Na, Youngjoo 한국의류학회 2017 한국의류학회지 Vol.41 No.5

This study measured consumer's recognition, reliability, emotion and images about current eco-marks as well proposed an eco-mark rating scale and mark designs to improve consumer's trust on the fashion product marks. We used a questionnaire survey to collect data from 150 persons about knowledge, interests, and practice on eco fashion products in relation to trustfulness and positive images for three domestic and three international eco-marks. We evaluated and gave eco scores to six fiber-type products (cotton, organic cotton, wool, polyester, biodegradable polyester and nylon) in terms of consumer's use, water & land consumption, waste amount, carbon footprint, and toxicity. We suggested a new 5-level rating scale for eco marks, which quantified the concept of environmental friendliness of fiber products. The design for eco-mark of rating scale showed the total grade with two sub scores of environmental sides and human sides developed with an improved visual understanding for consumers. The design is one through benchmarking the energy-consumption efficiency mark, which is familiar to consumers such as a half circle shape to save environment resources to alarm consumers to environment problems.

대학의 지식재산권 관리규정 상 학생의 공동발명 처리에 관한 연구

나동규(Na, Dong-Kyu) 한국산학기술학회 2014 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.15 No.11

대학에서 교수의 연구활동을 통해서 창출되는 발명은 직무발명으로서 그 발명에 대한 특허 받을 권리는 대학의 산학 협력단에 승계되고, 교수는 그 대가로 정당한 보상을 받을 권리를 갖는다. 교수의 연구활동은 교수가 단독으로 수행하는 경우 보다는 대부분이 학생의 직·간접적인 기여나 참여를 통해 수행된다. 대학에서 학생의 발명자 기여분은 직무발명으로 취급될 수도 있지만, 경우에 따라서는 교수의 직무발명과 달리 자유발명으로 취급될 수도 있다. 따라서 학생의 특허 받을 권리에 대한 산학협력단의 일방적인 승계는 향후 학교와 학생 간의 분쟁의 여지를 발생시킨다. 이에 본 연구에서는 학생의 발명자 기여분에 대한 처리에 있어서 전국 80개 대학의 지식재산권 관리규정을 조사한 후 문제점을 확인하고 이에 대한 바람직한 방향을 제시한다. An invention produced through research by a professor at a university is an employee invention, and the industrial academy cooperation foundation of the university has the right to obtain a patent. The professor, in return, obtains the right to receive reasonable compensation for that invention. Research was carried out mostly by the cooperation and participation of students rather than the solitary performance of the professor. The contributory portion of the student to an invention can be treated as an employee invention, but occasionally it is considered a free invention. Therefore, the unilateral succession to the right to obtain a patent to the industrial academy cooperation foundation highlights the potential disputes between the university and students in the future. Therefore, in this study, the intellectual properties management codes of 80 universities were reviewed and analyzed for any possible problems and the appropriate directions to the codes' amendments are suggested.

미국 소프트웨어 특허의 인정범위 -Alice Corporation v. CLS Bank International 판결을 중심으로-

나동규 ( Dong Kyu Na ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2014 홍익법학 Vol.15 No.4

Recently, a notable judgement( Alice Corporation v. CLS Bank International) which is able to change the criteria of patent eligibility came out from the Supreme Court of the United State of America. The issuing patents are for mitigating settlement risk by using a computerized trading platform for conducting financial transactions in which a third party settles obligations between two other parties to eliminate the risk. The Supreme Court held that the patents are invalid because the claims were drawn to an abstract idea, and implementing those claims on a computer was not enough to transform that idea to a patentable invention. According Alice case, in order to analyze the judical exceptions which are nature of law, natural phenomena and abstract idea under the 35 U.S.C. § 101 for the subject matter eligibility, Mayo framework has been introduced. It is expected that the influence of software patent rights is getting weaker than before in the United State of America because of Alice case. As the ground of non-eligibility of software invention is established, the measure is prepared to invalidate any software invention directed to abstract idea in order to weaken the patent trolls` litigation. Therefore, the problem of litigation abusement of patent trolls would be expected to be solved partially. Also, the Alice case is going to affect judgments of the related cases in Korea, as well as Japan and other countries which have been influenced by the patent policy of the United States of America.

제습위령탕가미방(除濕胃笭湯加味方)이 NC/Nga mice의 아토피 발진 억제에 미치는 실험적 연구

나동규 ( Dong Kyu Na ),김윤희 ( Yun Hee Kim ),한재경 ( Jae Kyung Han ) 대전대학교 한의학연구소 2007 혜화의학회지 Vol.16 No.1

특허박스의 적용에 관한 실무적 고찰

나동규 ( Na Dong Kyu ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2016 홍익법학 Vol.17 No.3

특허박스는 여러 종류의 지식재산을 통해서 발생되는 기업의 매출이나 이익에 대하여 법인세를 일정한 비율로 감면시켜 주는 제도이다. 특허박스의 실시 취지는 법인세 감면을 통해서 기업의 연구개발 활동을 촉진시키고, 그 결과물인 지식재산을 자신의 사업에 활용하거나 기술이전을 통해 기술사업화를 촉진시키는 데 있다. 현재 여러 나라에서 다양한 형태의 지식재산을 특허박스의 적격 대상으로 선정하여 이 제도를 실시하고 있다. 특허박스도입에 일부 반대하는 의견도 있으나, 국내로의 도입을 주장한 단체와 그 주장을 뒷받침하는 논문들은 다수 존재한다. 도입을 주장하는 이들은 특허박스가 기업의 연구개발을 통해 기술혁신을 달성하여 기업의 창조활동을 고취시킨다고 주장한다. 특허박스는 우리나라의 현저히 낮은 지식재산의 사업화 비율을 높일 수 있고 기업 경쟁력을 강화시킬 수 있다고 주장한다. 또한 중국의 기업들과 경쟁하고 글로벌 기업을 국내로 유치하기 위하여 특허박스를 통한 법인세의 감면을 주장하고 있다. 그러나 다양한 지식재산을 적격 지식재산으로 광범위하게 인정해 주는 특허박스를 우리나라의 조세시스템에 도입하는 데는 상당한 문제들이 발생할 수 있다고 판단된다. 대부분의 지식재산의 형태가 특허박스의 적격 대상이 되는 기술인지 실질적으로 판단하기 어렵기 때문이다. The Patent Box is a tax reduction system that proportionally reduces corporate income tax(CIT) from corporate sales or profit based on several kinds of intellectual properties. Through the reduction of CIT, the goal of the Patent Box is to enhance the company`s R&D activity and to allow the use of its intellectual property for private business use, along with enhancing tech-commercialization through tech-transfer. Today, several countries in Europe choose to use the Patent Box for a variety of intellectual properties that they define eligible. Though some oppose the implementation of the Patent Box, the vast majority of organizations and research papers are in favor of the introduction of the Patent box. Those in support claim that the patent box can achieve technological innovation through the company`s R&D and encourage the corporate`s innovative activities. It is argued that the Patent box can increase our country`s significantly lowintellectual property commercialization ratio and ultimately strengthen enterprises` competitiveness. Moreover, people claim the importance of tax reduction through the introduction of the Patent Box, in order to compete and attract global and domestic companies of China. However, there will be occurred considerable numbers of problems while the Patent Box to which a variety of intellectual properties are implemented are adopted to our country`s tax system. It is because most kinds of intellectual properties are practically difficult to be judged whether eligible technology to the Patent Box are truly originated from them.

대학 직무발명 보상금 비과세제도에 대한 제언

나동규(Na, Dong-Kyu) 한국산학기술학회 2013 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.14 No.11

대학으로부터 교직원에게 지급되는 직무발명에 대한 보상금은 어떤 종류의 소득으로 정의되는지에 따라 과 세의 대상이 될 수도 있고 비과세의 대상이 될 수도 있다. 정부는 산업교육 진흥 및 산학연협력 촉진에 관한 법률 및 기술의 이전 및 사업화 촉진법을 제정하여 대학에서 생산된 기술을 산업계로 이전하여, 연구생산성을 높이고 산학 간 협력을 증진시키려는 노력을 해 오고 있다. 그러나 정부부처간의 법 해석의 차이로 인해 대학이 교직원들에게 지급하 는 직무발명 보상금에 대한 과세의 혼선이 초래되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 이와 관련하여 대학의 직무발명 보상금 비 과세제도를 둘러싼 부처 간의 갈등과정을 법해석의 차원에서 고찰하고, 비과세제도의 집행효과를 개인소득세 감면의 차원에서 분석한 후, 이를 근거로 제도의 정착을 위해 정부에 대한 제언을 직무발명 보상금의 제도 개선 차원에서 도출하였다. The compensation for employee invention from the university can be taxed or non-taxed depending on the classification of the type of income. The government legislated the Promotion of Industrial Education and Industry-Academic Cooperation Act and the Technology Transfer and Commercialization Promotion Act in order to improve the research productivity of universities and industrial-academic collaboration via transferring the technologies. However, the confusion with taxation on the compensation of employee invention from the university has been incurred due to the difference of legal interpretation between government bureaus. In this research, bureaucratic conflict on the non-taxation scheme is examined in a legal aspect and the effect of non-taxation scheme is also studied in aspect to personal tax exemption. Finally, some suggestions are provided for the purpose of settlement of the non-taxation scheme in order to improve employee invention from the university.

직무발명에 대한 교수의 자기 공개와 비밀유지 의무에 관한 연구

나동규(Dong-Kyu Na) 한국산학기술학회 2020 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.21 No.12

교수는 대학의 구성원으로 종업원이다. 교수의 연구활동을 통해 창출된 발명은 원칙적으로 직무발명에 해당되고, 소속 대학의 산학협력단으로 승계되어 특허출원 된다. 한편, 교수는 자신의 발명이 대학의 산학협력단으로 이전되어 특허출원 되기에 앞서, 발명의 내용을 논문이나 학술대회에서 자기 공개를 하는 경우가 종종 있다. 본 연구에서는 교수들의 자기 공개된 특허출원 건수와, 비밀유지 의무와 관련하여 제기된 특허무효심판의 건수를 분석하였다. 그리고 판례를 통해서 자기 공개 시기를 대학의 승계결정 이전과 이후로 나누어서 비밀유지 의무의 위반 여부를 분석하였다. 이와 함께, 독점 배타적인 특허권의 확보 측면에서 교수의 자기 공개로 인해 발생될 수 있는 부정적 효과들도 조사하였다. 교수가 자기 공개하는 경우에, 대학 소유의 발명은 권리화에 실패하거나 권리를 확보하더라도 포괄적인 권리의 확보가 어렵게 된다. 권리 확보에 성공하더라도 권리가 무효될 가능성이 존재하게 된다. 또한, 교수는 발명진흥법에서 정의한 종업원의 비밀유지 의무를 위반하게 될 수 있고, 직무발명의 승계가 확정된 이후라면 부정경쟁방지법에서 정의한 비밀유지 의무도 위반하게 될 수 있다. 따라서 대학은 교수의 직무발명에 대한 자기 공개를 보다 적극적으로 관리 할 필요가 있다. A professor is an employed as a member of a college, and his invention is transferred to the Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation (IACF). A professor often reveals his inventions in a thesis or at a symposium before the IACF applies for a patent. Such self-disclosure could be in violation of the confidential responsibility. This study analyzes the number of patent invalidation trials as well as self-revealed patent applications raised in connection with the confidential responsibility. This study also scrutinizes cases to figure out whether the confidential responsibility was breached depending on the time of the self-disclosure both before and after the succession of an invention. In addition, side effects that could accompany self-disclosure are investigated. In the case of the self-disclosure by the professor, an invention to which the college belongs fails to secure patent right or it is hard to obtain comprehensive right. Even if rights were secured, it could be invalidated. Furthermore, they could infringe the confidential responsibility of employees under the Invention Promotion Act, and also could contravene the confidential responsibility specified by the Enforcement Decree of the unfair Competition Prevention if the succession of the invention is confirmed. Therefore, colleges should manage self-disclosure of employee invention and take appropriate action.

표장의 형태를 통해 분석한 지리적 표시 단체표장의 활용성 제고에 대한 고찰

나동규 ( Dong Kyu Na ) 한남대학교 과학기술법연구원 2014 과학기술법연구 Vol.20 No.1

The geographical indication collective marks protect the producers and enforce the competitiveness of their agricultural and marine products and other related processed goods etc. by guarding the geographical indication of regional products which contains superior geographical characteristics. They also protect the consumers by providing the correct information of the origins of the products. The geographical indication collective marks are granted principally only when the marks are consisted of geographical indications or the marks are combined with geographical indications and product names. However, it is also allowed that these marks contain common patterns, logos, and figures for the general use of geographical indications, except when parts other than geographical indications weaken or dilute them. For the activation of legal entity of geographical indication collective marks, it is desirable to adopt a design-combined mark instead of a word mark in order to distinguish between union members and non-union members. By letting union members and non-union members use different marks in the same local area, the dilution of the quality assurance of union members that can arise by the free-ridings of non-union members can be stopped. In order to advertise regional products to consumers, it is also desirable to show that the geographical indication collective marks were granted. For advertisement purposes, effort should be taken for the awareness of consumers for the regional product by using the designed-combined mark. Also, promotional marketing such as showing lateral notation which indicates the authentication receiving the geographical indication collective marks in the proper space on the regional products with the design-combined marks is necessary.

지리적표시 단체표장의 위조상표 단속 강화방안

나동규 ( Dong Kyu Na ) 한남대학교 과학기술법연구원 2015 과학기술법연구 Vol.21 No.2

The Special Judicial Police Force for Trademark of Korean Intellectual Property established in 2010, in order to regulate counterfeit trademark, have always been 97% weighted towards regulating and protecting foreign brands. Due to this phenomenon, it is only natural that the Special Judicial Police Force for Trademark of Korean uses more of its budget and places more effort into regulating and protecting foreign brands, neglecting its duty to korean brands. Meanwhile, the Korean Intellectual Property Office established the Geographical Indication Collective Mark in 2005, in order to protect the rights of local product brands in Korea, and began actively enforcing budget support to further encourage its rights. In result, nearing the end 2014, there were 298 registrations of the Geographical Indication Collective Mark, and the numbers have been increasing every year since. However, despite the positive feedback, it is still evident that the efforts of the Korean Intellectual Property Office for the illegal use of regional brands in korea are close to non-existent. In situations like this, the active involvement of the Special Judicial Police Force for Trademark of Korean is crucial in order to enforce the rights and prevent violation of the Geographical Indication Collective Mark. It is expected that the regulation placed from the Special Judicial Police Force for Trademark of Korean (with the help of the Geographical Indication Collective Mark) on Korean brands will alleviate to some degree, the heavy bias present towards foreign brands. With the measures taken to strengthen the enforcement of the Geographical Indication Collective Mark, its goal of protecting the expected profit of consumer for real goods, allowing maintenance of credit of producer groups, and further activating the local economy must be fulfilled.

Effect of Mandibular Repositioning Device on Airway Size and Airway Collapsibility in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome : Cine CT during Sleep

홍승봉,경승현,한현정,나동규,손영익,박영철,Hong, Seung-Bong,Kyung, Seung-Hyun,Han, Hyun-Jung,Na, Dong-Kyu,Son, Young-Ik,Park, Young-Chel KOREAN ACADEMY OF SLEEP MEDICINE 1999 수면·정신생리 Vol.6 No.2

목 적: 수면무호흡증 환자들에서 수면 중 구강내 기구의 착용이 수면 중 기도의 크기와 airway collapsibility에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여. 방 법: 9명의 폐쇄성 수면무호흡(obstructive sleep apnea) 환자들에서 구강내 기구를 착용하기 전과 후에 수면다원검사와 axial airway CT를 시행하였다. 상기도의 다섯 곳(retropalatal-high, retropalatal-low, retroglossal, epiglottis, hypopharynx levels)에서 axial CT를 시행하였는데, 각 위치에서 수면무호흡 상태에서 하나의 axial CT image를 얻고, 정상적인 수면호흡 중에 1초 간격으로 10장의 axial CT images를 연속적으로 얻었다. 이와 같은 방법으로 구강내 기구를 착용하기 전과 후에 airway CT를 각각 2회 실시하였다. 각 CT 영상에서 기도의 횡단면적(cross-sectional area)을 측정하여서 구강내 기구의 착용 전과 후에서 기도 횡단면적의 최소 크기, 최대 크기 및 airway collapsibility의 측정치를 비교하여 유의한 변화가 있는지 알아보았다. 결 과: 수면무호흡 중에 가장 흔하게 좁아지는 부위는 retropalatal-low level이었다. 정상 수면호흡 중에 retropalatallow level의 최소 기도면적이 구강내 기구에 의하여 유의하게 넓어졌다(p=0.011). 평균 airway collapsibility는 retropalatal-low level에서 가장 높았다. 구강내 기구는 retropalatal-low level(p=0.021) 뿐만아니라 epiglottis level(p=0.038)에서도 유의하게 airway collapsibility를 감소시켰다. 결 론: 이상의 결과를 종합하여 보면 구강내 기구는 일부 환자에서 수면 중 기도의 최소면적을 넓히고, airway collapsibility를 낮추어서 수면무호흡을 예방할 수 있음을 시사한다. Objectives: To investigate the effect of mandibular repasitioning device on airway sige and airway collapsibility in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS). Methods: Cine CT with polysomnographic monitoring was performed during sleep in nine(OSAS) patients before and after manibular repositioning device(MRD) application. Axial CT images were obtained in five upper airway levels(retropalatal-high, retroalatal-low, retroglossal, epiglottis, and hypopharynx levels). In each airway level, one axial CT image was obtained during sleep apnea period and 10 serial axial CT images were scanned every 1 second during normal sleep breathing. After wearing MRD, all CT images were obtained by the same method. The cross-sectional areas of airway were measured by automatic tracing method. The changes of minimum airway size and maximum airway size after MRD were evaluated. The airway collapsibility was calculaed before and after MRD. Results: During sleep apnea, the airway of retropalatal-low level was the most frequently narrowest site. During normal sleep breahing the minimum airway size was increased significantly after MRD at retropalatal-low level(p=0.011). The mean airway collapsibility was the highest at retropalatal-low level. MRD decreased the airway collapsibility significantly at retropalatal-low level(p=0.021) and epiglottis level(p=0.038). Conclusions: The enlargement of the minimum airway size and decreased airway collapsibility may be the therapeutic mechanism of MRD in obstructive sleep apnea.