논벼의 최대용수시기(最大用水時期)와 순단위용수량(純單位用水量)의 결정(決定)에 대하여

김철기 ( Kim Choul Kee ),김재휘 ( Kim Jea Hui ) 한국농공학회 1984 韓國農工學會誌 : 전원과 자원 Vol.26 No.4

The purpose of this study is to find out the determination method of designed duty of water in the rice fields through the comparison of the net unit duty of water at the late reduction division to heading stage with that at the planting stage. The data used for analysing this problem are the data of precipitation and gauge evaporation observed by Cheong-ju Meterological Center, the coefficient of evapotranspiration by College of Agriculture, Chung Buk University and the data of transplanting progressing in Boun area. The results obtained from this analysis are summarized as follows. 1. The occurring year of 1/10 probability value for available precipitation, gauge evaporation and mean maximum daily evapotranspiration during growing season is the year of 1977. 2.The 1/10 probability values of mean maximum evapotranspiration per day under the production rate of 1, 400kg/10a and 1, 500kg/10a based on the weight of dry matters are 9. 2mm/day and 9. 6mm/day, respectively. 3. The net unit duty of water required in the fields that the maximum planting rate exists is more than the one in the fields that the planting rate is uniform in the planting stage. 4.The determination of net unit duty of water in the late reduction division to heading stage or the planting stage depends upon the daily evapotranspiration and percolation rate in the late reduction division to heading stage or the water depth required for planting and daily consumptive use of water after planting at the planting stage. Therefore the use of figure 5-(1) to figure 5-(6) can easily make the determination of the designed net unit duty of water out of above two kinds of net unit duty of water.

식양토질(埴壤土質)논에서의 개관방식(漑灌方式)과 배수구(排水溝)깊이에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)(2) - 포장(圃場)흙의 투수성(透水性) 개관효율(漑灌效率) 및 개관회수면(漑灌回數面)에서-

김철기 ( Choul Kee Kim ) 한국농공학회 1970 韓國農工學會誌 : 전원과 자원 Vol.12 No.2

청주(淸州) 및 보은지방(報恩地方)의 두수공홍수재해(頭首工洪水災害)에 관(關)한 조사연구(調査硏究) (I) - 부위별(部位別) 재해발생률(災害發生率) 및 재해발생기구(災害發生機構)를 중심(中心)으로 -

김철기 ( Choul Kee Kim ),남성우 ( Seong Woo Nam ) 한국농공학회 1982 韓國農工學會誌 : 전원과 자원 Vol.24 No.1

The aim of this report is to analyze the Occurring rate of damage at each region of head works and to clear its damaged mechanism, centering around the destroyed situations of head works along both Musim and Bochong Rivers suffered from the storm flood occurred on July 22, 1980. The results obtained from the investigation of 25 head works taken for samples are summarized as follows. 1. The occurring rate of damage at each region of head works showed the largest number of 100 percentage in the revetment and protected riverbed work respectively, in the order of the next largest number, 68 percentage in weir body, 56 percentage in apron and 36 percentage in bank. 2. The destructive damage of revetment influenced largely on sweeping bank away, and destructive sufferings of weir body and protected bed work affected on the destruction of apron, otherwise the destructive sufferings of apron reversely also acted on the- destruction of weirbody and protected bed work. In other hand, partial damage of weir body at the side of revetment is largely influenced by destructive sweeping away of bank. 3. It was showed that the destructive phenomena of weir body occurred largely at the part of concentrated flow and also had a deep relation with scoring by concentrated flow around upstream foundation of weir. 4. The suffered region of revetment is the down stream part just near weir body and the degree of damage is more severe at the curved part of bank that center of flow is concentrated.

밭작물소비수량(作物消費水量)에 관한 기초적(基礎的) 연구(硏究)(II) -마늘 및 오이-

김철기 ( Kim Choul Kee ),김진한 ( Kim Jin Han ),정하우 ( Jung Ha Woo ),최홍규 ( Choi Hong Kyu ),권영현 ( Kwun Yong Hyun ) 한국농공학회 1989 韓國農工學會誌 : 전원과 자원 Vol.31 No.3

The purpose of this study is to find out the basic data for irrigation plans of garlic and cucumber during the growing period, such as total amount of evapotranspiration, coefficients of evapotranspiration at each growth stage, the peak stage of evapotranspiration and the maximum evapotranspiraton, optimum irrigation point, total readily available moisture, and intervals of irrigation date. The plots of experiment were arranged with split plot design which were composed of two factors, irrigation point for main plot and soil texture for split plot, and three levels ; irrigation points with pF 1.7~2.1, pF 2.2~2.5, pF 2.6~2.8, for garlic and those with pF 1.9, pF 2.3, pF 2.7, for cucumber, soil textures of silty clay, sandy loam and sandy soil for both garlic and cucumber, with two replications. The results obtained are summarized as follows 1. There was the highest significant correlation between the avapotranspiration of garlic and cucumber and the pan evaporation, beyond all other meteorological factors considered, as mentioned in the previous paper. Therefore, the pan evaporation is enough to be used as a meteorological index measuring the quantity of evapotranspiration. 2. 1/10 probability values of maximum total pan evaporation during growing period for garlic and cucumber were shown as 495.8mm and 406.8mm, respectively, and those of maximum ten day pan evaporation for garlic and cucumber, 63.8mm and 69.7mm, respectively. 3. The time that annual maximum of ten day pan evaporation can be occurred, exists at any stage between the middle of May and the late of June(harvest period) for garlic, and at any stage of growing period for cucumber. 4. The magnitude of evapotranspiration and of its coefficient for garlic and cucumber was occurred in the order of pF 1.7~2.1>pF 2.2~2.5>pF 2.6~2.8 and of pF 1.9>pF 2.3>pF2.7 respectively in aspect of irrigation point and of sandy loam>silty clay>sandy soil in aspect of soil texture for both garlic and cucumber. 5. The magnitude of leaf area index was shown in the order of pF 2.2~2.5>pF 1.7~2.1>pF 2.6~2.8 for garlic and of pF 1.9>pF 2.3>pF 2.7 for cucumber in aspect of irrigation point, and of sandy loam>sandy soil>silty clay in aspect of soil texture for both garlic and cucumber. 6. 1/10 probability value of evapotranspiration and its coefficient during the growing period for garlic were shown as 391.7mm and 0.79 respectively, while those of cucumber, 423.lmm and 1.04 respectively. 7. The time the maximum evapotranspiration of garlic can be occurred is at the date of thirtieth before harvest period and the time for cucumber is presumed to be at the date of sixtieth to seventieth after transplanting, At that time, 1/10 probability value of ten day evapotranspiration and its coefficient for garlic is presumed to be 65.lmm and 1.02 respectively, while those of cucumber, 94.8mm and 1.36 respectively. 8. In aspect of irrigation point, the weight of raw garlic and cucumber were increased in the order of pF 2.2~2.5>pF 1.7~2.1>pF 2.6~2.8 and of pF 1.9>pF 2.3>pF 2.7 respectively. Therefore, optimum irrigation point for garlic and cucumber is presumed to be pF 2.2~2.5 and pF 1.9 respectively, when the significance of yield between the different irrigation treatments is considered. 9. Except the mulching period of garlic that soil moisture extraction patterns were about the same, those of garlic and cucumber have shown that maximum extraction rate exists at 7cm deep layer at the beginning stage after removing mulching for garlic and at the beginning stage of growth for cucumber and that extraction rates of 21cm to 35cm deep layer are increased as getting closer to the late stage of growth. 10. Total readily available moisture of garlic in silty clay, sandy loam, sandy soil become to be 18.71~24.96mm, 19.08~25.43mm, 10.35~13.80mm respctively on the basis of the optimum irrigation point with pF 2.2~2.5, while that of cucumber, 11.81mm, 12.03mm, 6.39mm respectively on the basis of the optimum irrigation point with pF 1.9. 11. The intervals of irrigation date of garlic and cucumber at the growth stage of maximum consumptive use become to be about three and a half days and one and a half days respectively, on the basis of each optimum irrgation point.

식양토질(埴壤土質) 논에서의 관개방식(灌漑方式)과 배수구(排水溝)깊이에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)(3) -포장건조도면(圃場乾燥度面)에서-

김철기 ( Choul Kee Kim ) 한국농공학회 1970 韓國農工學會誌 : 전원과 자원 Vol.12 No.3

粘質土는 湛水狀態下에서는 매우 軟弱하여 짙으로 排水不良한 粘質土의 논에 있어서는 耕耘 播種 收穫등 作業에 있어서 機械進入이 어렵게 되어 農業機械化가 어렵게 되는 것이다. 이 農業機械化를 可能토록 하기 위하여는 機械構造變更에 依한 單位接地荷重의 減少도 考慮되어야 하겠지만 作業의 能率面에서 考慮할 때 畓面의 地耐力增進이 무엇보다도 重要視되고 先行시켜야 할 問題인 것이다. 同一 土性을 지닌 土壤에서의 地耐力은 自然狀態下에서 그 土壤의 乾燥度에 左右되는 것임으로 本報에서는 畓面의 乾燥가 灌漑方式 및 排水溝깊이의 差異에 依하여 어떠한 狀態로 進行되는가를 土壤의 含水比 및 그 假比重의 面에서 調査究明한바 若干의 結果를 얻었기에 이에 報告한다. The Purpose of this study is to find out effective irrigation method and optimum depth of drainage ditch for better growth and yields of rice, improvement of soil permeability, increase in irrigation efficiency, and increase in drying progress of surface soil in paddy field with clay loam soil. In this study a paddy field following treatments were ployed in carrying out the field experiment: Test plots were laid out by split plot design with four replica two main plots were designated as A₀ and A₁ according to the differenc in irrigation method i. e. continuous and intermittent flooding applied during the last half of rice growing season, respectively. Each main test plots had five sub-plots which were designated as B₀, B₁, B₂, B₃, and B₄ according to the difference in deph of drain i. e. 10 cm, 20 cm, 40 cm, 60 em, and 80 cm respectively. In addition, the soils of the plots were kept in, condition for about 2 months before transplanation of seedlings. To compare with the effect obtained in the Bo sub-plot, another plot designated as B¹₀ another plot designated as Bo that was not provided with a drain and was flooded for two months before planting was laid out with four replications. As a resut, the author obtained the following results in this experiment which was carried out in 1968; 1. As to better growth and yield of rice. (1) The progress of the dryness of surface soil in test plots is rapid in proportion to the increase in the depth of drain. (2) The height of rice plants in both continuous and intermittent flooding plots shows to be increased in proportion to the depth of drain through growing season, but to be almost constant for- the depths of 60 cm and 80 cm. Plant height and growing rate in the intermittent flooding plants surpassed those in the continuous flooding plots at the last half stage of the growing season. (3) The numbers of stalks are almost the same in the plots having the same depth drains during the first half of growing season, but are increased in proportion to the depth of drain. The numbers of valid stalks in the intermittent flooding plots generally surpasseds that in the continuous flooding plots, except that in polt (Bo) with zero-cm depth of drain at the last half stage. On the other hand, it is increased with the increase in the depth of drain in any plot and becomes almost constant at Ploto B₃ and B₄. (4) The weight of raw rice grains in the intermittent flooding, plot is 3 to 4 % heavier than that in the continuous irrigation plot, and at Plot B₂, about 13 % heavier than that at Plot B₀. Also the increase in the field is in proportion to the depth of drain. The yiled shows highly significant correlation between the variation of irrigation method and between Plot B₀ and the other plots of B₁,B₂, B₃, B₄ and insignificant between Plots B₀ and B¹₀. (5) The optimum depth of drain according to this experiment was about 40 cm from a view point of rice production, but it may depend on depth of surface crack in paddy field so far as ground water table becomes low. 2. In the aspect of improving soil permeability and increasing irrigation efficiency. (1) The amount of percolation at any plot showed the tendency of increasing in proportion to the depth of drain through the growing period. And the soil permeability at the intermittent floo-ding plot in the last half stage of growing season is considerably greater than that in the first half stage and that at the continuous irrigation plot. (2) The weight of raw rice grains increases with the increase of permeability and became maximum at a permeability mid-term drainage in the test plots. (3) The greater the depth of drain the more is the amount of irrigation water consumed. Up to the 20 cm depth of the drain, the amount of irrigation water in the intermittent irrigation plot is considerally less than that in the continuous irrigation plat, while in the intermittent irrigation plot where the drain depth was more than 40 cm, water is consumed to be out of proportion to the depth. (4) The efficiency of irrigation water is maximum in the intermittent irrigation plot where the depth of drain was 0 cm or 20cm,secondary in the conventional irrigation plot where the depth was 20cm to 40 cm and in the plot B¹₀ and minimum in the iner-mittent irrigation plot with the 80 cm-depth drain. (5) The irrigated frequency was much the same between the plots with equal depth of the drain during the first half of growing season when the continuous flooding irrigation method was only used, but the frequency in the intermittent flooding plots was less than that in the continuous flooding ones duirng the last half of growing season. 3. In the aspect of increasing drying progress of surface soil. (1) The apparent specific gravity of the soil has the maximum value near the plastic limit, showing the decreasing tendency below or above the limit, especially linearly decreasing at the soil moisture content over the limit. (2) A limit of forming non-capillary porosity due to macro-aggregated formation in the clay loam mao occur at the plastic limit. Therefore, the soil maisture content making the paddy field dry to improve the hydraulic conductivity of soil and to make the root growth depth might be below the plastic limit. (3) The progress of the dryness of surface soil in the plot is rapid in proportion to the increase in the depth of drain. It was more rapid in the intermittent irrigation plot than in the continuous flooding irrigtaon plot.

통일계(統一系)벼의 침수피해요인(浸水被害要因)에 관(關)한 실험적(實驗的) 연구(硏究) (II) - 침수(浸水)가 수량(收量)에 끼치는 영향(影響)을 중심(中心)으로 -

김철기 ( Choul Kee Kim ),박명근 ( Myeong Keun Park ) 한국농공학회 1983 韓國農工學會誌 : 전원과 자원 Vol.25 No.2

This research is mainly to deal with the effects of submergence treatment on the grain yields of two rice plants, local variety, "Akibare" and Tongil line variety, "Milyang 23". The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. According to the rice products of each plot the grain yield index was smallest in the plot treated at the early heading stage. The index of the next order became smaller in order of late flowering stage, late reduction division stage, milk ripe stage and dough ripe stage etc. The submerged stage at which the damages were smallest was tillering stage. Under the condition of two thirds or one third submerged depth of plant height, few differences in the grain yield index between Milyang 23 and Akibare was found, but except rooting stage, the damages of milyang 23 by whole submergence during growing period were mostly greater than those of Akibare. Especially the grain yield index of early heading stage at which the damages by whole submergence was most serious showed 45 percentage for one day submergence, 31 percentage for 3 days and 0.7 percentage for 7 days in Akibare plots, and 26.7% percentage for one day submergence, 7.9 percentage for 3 days and none for 7 days in Milyang 23 plots. 2. All the factors such as submerged stage, submerged depth and submerged period in this experimental test were highly recognized significance. The factors of the submerged depth and duration influenced on greater damages than the others. According to the difference in grain yield between plots, the larger the submerged depth and duration were, the larger the significant difference appeared. And between the treated levels at other submerged stages except both early tillering stage and most active tillering stage, the significance in the differences in grain yield was recognized, while only the submergence at early heading stage showed the most serious damages. 3. The decreased rate of grain yield for one day submergence at early heading stage indicated that in case of whole submergence of plant height it was 73 percentage in Milyang 23 plot and 55 percentage in Akibare plot, and in the event of two thirds and one third submergences of it, 20 percentage and 10 percentage in both Mulyang 23 and Akibare plots respectively. Therefore, the current criteria for planning project that restricted allowable submergence duration of more than 30cm submerged depth to 24 hours, should be amended not to exceed the submerged depth of 60cm when the duration of more than allowable submerged depth of 30cm will be limited to 24 hours, or within the limits of 12 hour submerged duration for locai variety and of less than 12 hour duration for Tong-illine variety as long as possible in case that submerged depth will be allowed to more than 60cm depth.

통일계(統一系)벼의 침수피해요인(浸水被害要因)에 관(關)한 실험적(實驗的) 연구(硏究) -침수(浸水)가 벼성장(成長)에 끼치는 영향을 중심(中心)으로-

김철기 ( Choul Kee Kim ),박명근 ( Myeong Keun Park ) 한국농공학회 1983 韓國農工學會誌 : 전원과 자원 Vol.25 No.1

This research is mainly to deal with only the effects of submergence treatment on the growth of plant height, number of tillers, heading stage and the main elements of damaged leaves, out of all the results obtained by submergence experiments of local variety, “Akibare”, and Tongil line variety, “Milyang 23”. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Meteorological conditions in July to September which influence greatly the growth of rice plants showed in 1980 the lowest temperature on record that may cause enormous damages especially in rice products and in growth of Tongil line variety- weak to lower temperature in nature, because monthly mean temperature during July to September in 1980 was recorded 23.0°C to 18.3°C and the number of daily highest temperature above 30°C was only 8 days. 2. The relationship between submerged treatment and plant growth showed that the deeper the submerged depth was and the longer the submerged period became, the more the growth of plant height was retarded and the number of tillers was reduced. This phenomena were especially severe at the rooting stage and early tillering stage. The damage of plant height was less in Milyaug 23 than in Akibare and the damage diminished the number of tillers was greater in Milyaug 23 than in Akibare. 3. The relationship between submerged treatment and heading showed that the deeper the submerged depth was and the longer the submerged hours became, the more the beginning date of heading as well as heading period was retarded. The delay of the begining date of heading was most severe in 7 day whole submerged plots (d₃t₃) at rooting stage at which the beginning date appears on 23th to 25th of August exceeding the 20th of August which was critical heading stage of economical maturing for Tongil line variety. The retard of heading period was most serious at 7 day whole submerged plots (d₃t₃) of the early reading stage which showed heading- period of 30 days in Milyang 23 plot, and that of 25 days in Akibare plot. 4. The transition of main elements of the damaged leave by submergence indicated that the deeper the submerged depth was and the longer the submerged duration became, the more the loss of both crude protein and total sugar that the leave contain was increasing. The loss was heavier in Milyang 23 than in Akibare.

경지정리사업(耕地整理事業)의 추진(推進) 기본방향(基本方向)에 관한 조사연구(調査硏究) -농촌정비(農村整備)를 중심으로-

김철기 ( Kim Choul Kee ) 한국농공학회 1992 韓國農工學會誌 : 전원과 자원 Vol.34 No.2

Many problems were found out the remarkable unbalance between paddy fields and up-land areas, or between plain and mountainous areas, unreasonable establishing of land consolida-tion boundaries without consideration of rural development, lower level of construction technology of the roads and canals for agricultral use ad operation and maintenance of them by human power far apart from the ages of high technology, high information and free internationalisation, and too slow progress to overcome the weak agricultural circumstances etc. through the survey in the past executed land consolidation projects. The basic ways for solution of these problems for propulsion of land consolidation project through investigation are summarized as follows : 1. Land consolidation project should be executed to the direction of balanced regional development, laying stress on the upland and mountainous areas in order to carry out the agriculture effectively. 2. The acreage of land consolidation project to be conducted anually should be increased to overcome the serious underdeveloped agricultural development. 3. It should be developed to the way in accordance with the order of land use from the view point of rural integral development including the rural readjustment. 4. The level of the structures of road and canal, the size of standard lot and the grouping of land substitution should be to incraese the productivity of land and labour more than ever and reached to a degree in cope with the age of industrialization, information and free internationalisation. 5. The level of the management of agricultural water use and the maintenace of the various facilities should be developed to be automatization, remote control, central control and information processing instead human work. 6. Land substitution should take a measure of grouping method in accordance with the agricultural plan and farming organization, which can overcome high industrialized society in place of the substition by origin land. 7. Land consolidation project should be planned in order to fulfil a conservative function of ecosystem and resources together with improvement of land and labour productivity.

밭작물소비수량(作物消費水量)에 관한 기초적(基礎的) 연구(硏究) -토마토 및 가을배추-

김철기 ( Kim Choul Kee ),김진한 ( Kim Jin Han ),최홍규 ( Choi Hong Kyu ) 한국농공학회 1988 韓國農工學會誌 : 전원과 자원 Vol.30 No.3

The purpose of this study is to fmd out the bask data for irrigation plans of tomato and chinese cabbage during the growing period, such as total amount of evapotranspiration, coefficients of evapotranspiration at each growth stage, the peak stage of evapotranspiration, the maximum evapotranspiration, optimum irrigation point, total readily available moisture and intervals of irrigation date. The plots of experiment were arranged with split plot design which were composed of two factors, irrigation point for main plot and soji texture for split plot, and three levels, irrigation points with PF 1.8, PF 2.2, PF 2.6 for tomato and those with PF 1.9, PF 2.3, PF 2.7, for Chinese cabbage, soil textures of silty clay, sandy loam and sandy soil for both tomato and Chinese cabbage, with two replications. The results obtained are summarized as follows 1. There was the highest significant correlation between the evapotranspiration and the pan evaporation, beyond all other meteoralogical factors considered. Therefore, the pan evaporation is enough to be used as a meteorological index measuring the quantity of evapotranspiration. 2. 1/10 probability values of maximum total pan evaporation during growing period for tomato and Chinese cabbage were shown as 355.8 mm and 233.0 mm, respectively, and those of maximum ten day pan evaporation for tomato and Chinese cabbage, 68.0 mm and 43.8 mm, respectively. 3. The time that annual maximum of ten day pan evaporation can be occurred, exists at any stage of growing period for tomato, and at any growth stage till the late of Septemberfor Chinese cabbage. 4. The magnitude of evapotranspiration and of its coefficient for tomato and Chinese cabbage was occurred in the order of pF 1.8>pF 2.2>pF 2.6 and of pF 1.9>pF 2.3>pF 2.7 respectively in aspect of irrigation point and of silty clay>sandy loam>sandy soil in aspect of soil texture. 5. 1/10 probability value of evapotranspiration and its coefficient during the growing period of tomato were shown as 327.3 mm and 0.92 respectively, while those of Chinese cabbage, 261.0 mm and 1.12 respectively. 6. The time that maximum evapotranspiration of tomato can be occurred is at the date of fortieth to fiftieth after transplanting and the time for Chinese cabbage is presumed to he in the late of septemben At that time, 1/10 probability value of ten day evapotranspiration and its coefficient for tomato is presumed to be 74.8 mm and 1.10 respectively, while those of Chinese cabbage, 43.8 mm and 1.00. 7. In aspect of only irrigaton point, the weight of raw tomato and Chinese cabbage were mcreased in the order of pF 2.2>pF 1.8>pF 2.6 and of pF 1.9>pF 2.3>pF 2.7, respectively but optimum irrigation point for tomato and Chinese cabbage, is presumed to be pF 2.6 - 2.7 if nonsignificance of the yield between the different irrigation treatments, economy of water, and reduction in labour of irrigaion are synthetically considered. 8. The soil moisture extraction patterns of tomato and Chinese cabbage have shown that maximum extraction rate exists at 7 cm deep layer at the beginning stage of growth m any soil texture and that extraction rates of 21 cm to 35 cm deep layer are increased as getting closer to the late stage of growth. And especially the extraction rates of 21 cm deep layer and 35 cm deep layer have shown tendency to be more increased in silty clay than in any other soils. 9. As optimum irrigation point is presumed to be pF Z6-2.7, total readily available moisture of tomato in silty clay, sandy loam and sandy sofl becomes to be 19.06 mm, 21.37 mm and 20.91 mm respectively while that of Chinese cabbage, 18.51 mm, 20.27 mm, 21.11 mm respectively. 10. On the basis of optimum irrigation point with pF 2.6 - 2.7 the intervals of irrigation date of tomato and Chinese cabbage at the growth stage of maximum consumptive use become to be three days and five days respectively.

논벼 장(長)ㆍ단간품종(短稈品種)의 증발산제계수(蒸發散諸係數)와 건물량(乾物量)과의 관계(關係)에 대(對)한 연구(硏究) (II)

김철기 ( Choul Kee Kim ),류한열 ( Han Yeol Ryu ) 한국농공학회 1974 韓國農工學會誌 : 전원과 자원 Vol.16 No.3