Prevalence of anatomical alar band

김정석,김철순,차정열,김희진,황충주,Kim, Jung Suk,Kim, Cheol Soon,Cha, Jung Yul,Kim, Hee Jin,Hwang, Chung Ju Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistry 2015 Journal of the Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistr Vol.24 No.1

Purpose: 입술 주위에는 여러 개의 근육이 모여있기 때문에 여러 근육의 작용에 의해 표정을 지을때, 다양한 표정과 노화에 따른 주름 등의 변화가 나타나게 된다. 동물에서는 이러한 피부 및 근육이 몸 전체에 발달되어 있지만 사람에서는 얼굴에만 잘 발달되어 있고, 다른부위엔 목과 손바닥에 하나씩 있을 뿐이다. 해부학적인 연구에서 확인한 작은광대근의 변이중에 윗입술뿐만 아니라 콧방울로 갈라진 힘살이 콧방울 가쪽 부위에도 닿아서 형성되는 콧방울 가쪽 주름에 대해 alar band라 명명하였으며 이에 대한 임상적인 유병율을 알아보고자 한다. Materials & Methods: 교정 치료를 위해 경기도 개인치과의 교정과에 내원한 780명의 교정신환의 스마일 사진에서 alar band의 여부에 대해 알아보고, 측모두부방사선사진에서 골격의 형태 및 입술의 돌출, 성별, 연령 등과의 상관관계를 평가하였다. Results: 일반적 특성에 따른 alar band의 관련성에 대해서 살펴본 결과 성별에 대해서 남자는 18.5%, 여자는 27.9%로 나타나 남자보다 여자의 경우 더 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 연령에 대해서는 가진 경우가 0-9세는 19.4%, 10-19세는 16.9%, 20-29세는 31.2%, 30-39세가 39.5%, 40-49세가 56.5%로 나타나 20대에서 40대로 갈수록 점차 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.001). SN_NP에 대해서는 normodivergent facial type을 가진 경우가 26.2%, hyperdivergent facial type을 가진 집단이 22.0%, hypodivergent facial type을 가진 경우는 32.2%로 나타나 hypodivergent facial type을 가진 집단의 경우가 더 발생비율이 높게 나타났으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. Upper LIP에 대해서는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았지만 Lower lip에 대해서는 alar band를 보인 경우가 정상하순 안모를 가진 집단은 26%, lower lip protrusion은 14.7%, retruded lower lip은 33.3%로 나타나 retruded lower lip의 경우 발생비율이 높게 나타났으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 즉, 성별, 연령, lower lip돌출정도에서 alar band와의 유의한 관련성을 보임을 알 수 있었다. Conclusions: alar band는 해부학적인 연구에서 27.8%에서 보였으며, 본 연구에서는 25.6%에서 확인할 수 있었고, 임상적인 사진에서는 여자, 나이가 들수록, 하순이 함입될수록 유의하게 더 보였으며 향후 심미 치료에서 이 부위에 보톡스 등의 심미치료를 할 때 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다. Purpose: Due to the presence of various muscles around lips, variety of facial expression can be made and changes from aging process such as wrinkles can develop on the facial skin by the action of multiple muscles. In animals, skin and muscles are developed in the entire body. On contrast, they are well developed only in the face and just one is present in the neck and the palm. Alar band was defined as outer wrinkle formed by zygomaticus minor muscle, which is common in Koreans. This study aimed to investigate clinical prevalence of alar band. Materials & Methods: Subjects were chosen from 780 new patients who visited private clinic in Gyeonggi province for orthodontic treatment. Presence of alar band was examined from the smile extraoral photos. Correlation among skeletal form, lip protrusion, gender, and age were evaluated. Results: Prevalence of alar band was higher in women (27.9%) than in men (18.5%) with statistical significance (p<0.05). With respect to age, prevalence of alar band was 19.4% in age 0-9 y, 16.9% in age 10-19 y, 31.2% in age 20-29 y, 39.5% in age 30-39, 56.5% in age 40-49. Prevalence was gradually increased from patients in their 20s to patients in their 40s and statistical significance was found (p<0.001). Concerning SN_NP, prevalence was 26.2% in normodivergent facial type, 22.0% in hyperdivergent facial type, and 32.2% in hypodivergent facial type. Hypodivergent facial group had higher prevalence but statistical significance was not observed. Statistically significant difference was not found regarding upper lip. However, prevalence of the alar band was 26% in patients with normal lower lip, 14.7% in patients with pretruded lower lip, and 33.3% in retruded lower lip. The prevalence was higher in patients with retruded lower lip with statistical significance (p<0.05). Conclusions: 27.8% on previous anatomical study and this study showed 27.8% prevalence of alar band in clinical smile photographs. Clinical photograph study showed that alar band was more prominent in women, older people, and people with retruded lips with statistical significance. This will provide valuable diagnostic information for esthetic consideration.

수용액 합성법의 2단계 성장온도 변화를 통한 ZnO 결정의 선택적 용해 현상

김정석,채기웅,Kim, Jeong-Seog,Chae, Ki-Woong 한국세라믹학회 2011 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.48 No.4

ZnO hexagonal rods grown in aqueous solution can be changed into a tubular shape by two-step aging in the course of the growing process. In the first step, hexagonal ZnO rods is grown by aging at $90^{\circ}C$ under a highly supersaturated aqueous solution giving rise to a fast precipitation rate. Meanwhile, during the second step aging at $60^{\circ}C$ in the same aqueous solution, the hexagonal polar face (001) having higher surface energy than (010) side planes dissolves to minimize surface energy. Hence the flat (001) face changes to a craterlike face and the hexagonal rod length of ZnO decreases at an initial-stage of this step aging. The formation of the (101) wedge-type faces is ascribed to the resultant of competitive reactions between the dissolution of polar face minimizing the surface energy which is a dominant reaction at the initial stage and the precipitation reaction dissipating supersaturation. At a later stage of the second-step the reaction rates of these two processes in the aqueous solution become similar and the overall reaction is terminated.

열처리 분위기가 Eu 이온이 첨가된 Li-Al-O계 형광체 특성에 미치는 영향

김정석,천채일,채기웅,Kim, Jeong Seog,Cheon, Chae Il,Chae, Ki-Woong 한국세라믹학회 2014 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.51 No.1

New green phosphor is synthesized by reducing $LiAlO_2:xEu^{3+}$ phosphors in a low pressure $H_2$ atmosphere. The $LiAlO_2:xEu^{3+}$ prepared by a solid state reaction method is reported as red phosphor. The effect of the reduction treatment on the $LiAlO_2:xEu^{3+}$ on the crystalline phase change and photoluminescence (PL) property are characterized. The reduced phosphor had a broad green light spectrum centered at 524 nm. The PL intensity of the reduced phosphor increased to a maximum at the reduction temperature of $1100^{\circ}C$. The PL intensity decreased with a further increase in the reduction temperature. The crystalline phase constituting the reduced phosphor varied with the temperature. A new crystalline phase $Li_2Al_4O_7$ was observed at $1100^{\circ}C$. The origin of the green-light emission is discussed in relation to the crystalline phase change.

란탄족(III)족 이온과 Diaza-18-crown-6-diisopropionic Acid의 착화합물에 관한 연구

김정석,이창헌,한선호,서무열,엄태윤,박진하,Jung Suk Kim,Chang Heon Lee,Sun Ho Han,Moo Yul Suh,Tae Yoon Eom,Jin Ha Park 대한화학회 1992 대한화학회지 Vol.36 No.6

이온성 거대고리 리간드, diaza-18-crown-6-diisopropionic acid(K22DAP)를 합성하였다. 이 화합물의 양성자화 상수와 몇 가지 란탄족원소와의 안정도 상수를 전위차적정 방법으로 측정하였다. 양성자화 상수는 log$K_1$ = 9.05, log$K_2$ = 8.37, log$K_3$ = 1.88 및 log$K_4$ = 0.99이고, La(III), Nd(III), Gd(III) 및 Lu(III)와의 안정도 상수 (logKML)는 각각 11.14, 11.43, 11.74 및 10.88이었다. 거대고리 이온운반 물질로서 K22DAP를 사용하고 TTA(thenoyltrifluoroacetone)를 추출제로 하여 란탄(III)족 이온의 추출성질을 연구하였다. pH 8.0의 수상에서 La(III)과 Nd(III)이온은 주로 삼성분착물 Ln(K22DAP)TTA를 형성하였다. An ionizable macrocyclic ligand, diaza-18-crown-6-diisopropionic acid(K22DAP) has been synthesized. Protonation constants of this compound and stability constants with some lanthanides were determined by potentiometric titration method. The protonation constants are log$K_1$ = 9.05, log$K_2$ = 8.37, log$K_3$ = 1.88 and log$K_4$ = 0.99. The logarithmic values of stability constants with La(III), Nd(III), Gd(III) and Lu(III) are 11.14, 11.43, 11.74 and 10.88 respectively. Extraction behavior of Ln(III) ion was investigated using TTA(thenoyltrifluoroacetone) as extractant in the presence of K22DAP as macrocyclic ionophore. It was observed that Ln(K22DAP)TTA is the dominating species in aqueous complexes of La(III) and Nd(III).

제언 - 우리는 모두 갑(甲)이자 을(乙)이다

김정석,Kim, Jeong-Seok 대한기계설비건설협회 2015 기계설비 Vol.298 No.-

Juniperus chinensis 7재배종과 Pinus densiflora 1재배종에 대한 핵형분석

김정석,김영두,정우규 ( Chung Suk Kim,Yeung Du Kim,Woo Gyu Jeong ) 한국산림과학회 1986 한국산림과학회지 Vol.75 No.1

This study was designed to investigate the karyotype analysis of Juniperus chinensis and its seven varieties, and F. densiflora and P. densiflora for. multicaulis. Following results were obtained. 1. Three varieties, J. chinensis v. kaizuka, J. chinensis v. aureo-variegata and J. chinensis v. procurnbens are turned out as tetraploids. 2. Varieties having many long chromosomes and long mean relative length of chromosomes are J. chinensis and J. chinensis v. aureo-globosa, while varieties having short chromosomes are J. chinensis v. horizontalis and J. chinerssis v. globosa. 3. Varieties with high mean ratio of long arm length to short arm are J. chinensis v. globosa and J. chinensis v. kaizuka, while a variety with the low mean ratio is J. chinensis v. aureo-globosa. 4. When chromosomes are arranged according to the Total length, the most similar variety with J. chinensis was J. chinensis v. sargentii, J. chinensis v. horizontalis, J. chinensis v. globosa and J. chinensis v. aureo-globosa, while the least similar one was J. chinensis v. procumbens. 5. Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis has shorter mean relative length of chromosome than P. densiflora, while the arm ratio of the former is higher than the tatter. 6. When chromosomes are arranged according to the total length, six ctuomosomes showed the same order between the two varieties. 7. P. densiflora for. multicaulis has many chromosomes with secondary constriction.

한국산 Juniperus rigida 의 두 산지의 핵형분석

김정석,정우규,안중극,정미정,한창숙 ( Chung Suk Kim,Woo Kyu Chung,Joong Kug Ahn,Mee Jeong Jeong,Chang Sook Han ) 한국산림과학회 1986 한국산림과학회지 Vol.73 No.1

Karyotypes are described for Juniperus rigida Sieb. et Zucc. in two provenances of Gyeong-nam and Choong-puk. Chromosome numbers of two provenances, are 2n=22. The most common feature of mitotic chromosomes was shown at the chromosome 7, which has secondary constriction on the short arm. And the most differential chromosome was shown at chromosome 9 from Gyeong-nam and chromosome 5 from Choong-puk provenance, which bore secondary constriction. The karyotype formulae are as follows; Gyeong-nam, Jinyang pravenance race is K(2n) = 22 = 2 A^m + 2B^m + 2C^m + 2D^(sm) + 2E^(st) + 2F^m + 2^(sc)G^m + 2H^m + 2^(sc)I^t + 2J^(st) + 2K^m Choong-puk, Jechun provenance race is K(2n) = 22 = 2A^(rn) + 2B^m + 2C^m + 2D^(st) + 2^(sc)E^(sm) + 2F^m + 2^(sc)G^m + 2H^m + 2I^m + 2J^(st) + 2K^(sm)

벡터 하이드로폰을 위한 두께 전단형 진동자의 빔 패턴 해석

김정석,김회용,노용래,Kim, Jungsuk,Kim, Hoeyong,Roh, Yongrae 한국음향학회 2017 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.36 No.3

Typical hydrophones in line array sensors for early detection of covert underwater targets can measure only sound-pressure-magnitude with the limitation of being unable to identify the direction of an incoming wave. In this study, a thickness shear mode vibrator was proposed as the main component of an inertia type vector hydrophone to measure both magnitude and direction of acoustic signals from targets. The equation to analyze the output voltage of the vibrator to an external force was derived, and the validity of the equation was verified through finite element analysis of a PMN-PT single crystal vibrator. The analysis results from this study will be utilized in the future for the design of inertia type vector hydrophones made of thickness shear vibrators. 수중에서 은밀하게 움직이는 표적을 조기에 탐지하기 위한 선배열센서에 적용되는 통상의 하이드로폰은 표적신호의 크기만 측정할 뿐, 외부에서 들어오는 음향신호의 방향은 파악할 수 없는 한계가 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 표적으로부터의 음향신호의 크기와 방향을 동시에 탐지할 수 있는 관성형 벡터 하이드로폰의 기본 구성품으로 두께 전단형 진동자를 제안하였다. 외력에 대한 진동자의 출력 전압을 해석할 수 있는 수식을 유도하였으며, PMN-PT 단결정 진동자에 대한 유한요소해석을 통해 수식의 타당성을 검증하였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 해석 결과는 향후 두께 전단형 진동자로 구성된 관성형 벡터 하이드로폰 설계에 활용될 것이다.

방사성동위체를 이용한 × Populus albaglandulosa 의 인산흡수상에 관한 추적연구 (Ⅰ) - 고토시용이 (苦土施用) 식물체내의 인산함유율에 미치는 영향 -

김정석,이석구,안학수,선순화 ( Chung Suk Kim,Suk Koo Lee,Hak Soo Ahn,Soon Wha Sun ) 한국산림과학회 1978 한국산림과학회지 Vol.37 No.1

The uptake ratio of supplying P³² labelled double superphosphate and the hastening efficiency of the uptake by addition of magnesium sulfate to the fertilizer were studied on the ×Populus albaglandulosa planted with 0/1 cutting in 1975. The results are summerized as follows. 1. Average 13% of supplying double superphosphate was absorbed into × Populus albaglandulosa planted on the reddish heavy clay soil in Institute of Forest Genetics. 2. The accumulation of absorbed magnesium was more amount in leaf than in stem. 3. The uptake ratio of supplying double superphosphate was able to increase up to 16%∼33% by the addition of magnesium sulfate to the fertilizer. 4. It might be possible to increase the tree growth following the acceleration of photosynthesis due to the increasing amount of magnesium known to be a component of chlorophyll in leaf as well as to hasten the efficiency of uptake of phosphorus by the addition of magnesium to double superphosphate.

× Populus albaglandulosa 의 엽령별 (葉齡別) 광합성

김정석,이석구,선순화 ( Chung Suk Kim,Suk Koo Lee,Soon Wha Sun ) 한국산림과학회 1977 한국산림과학회지 Vol.34 No.1

×Populus albaglandulosa has been needed optimum stand density according to various site and its wood usage. It is assumed that optimum stand density can be estimated by investigating of response of × P. albaglandulosa to the light factor of stand. For that reason, the photosynthesis of ×Populus albaglandulosa grown under the controlled planting density was studied in relation to its leaf age by the aid of the Infrared gas analyzer. Rate of net photosynthesis was smaller in matured leaves than young leaves below 8℃, while, it was larger than young leaves above 8℃. Temperature for the maximum net photosynthesis of young leaves and old leaves was about 30℃ and 25℃ respectively. Saturated light intensity varied slightly as leaf age from 28 Klux to 35 Klux, but net photosynthesis rate in the range of light intensity showed deep differences. Old leaves marked the lowest rate, 1.6 CO₂ ㎎/d㎡/hr, young leaves marked the medium rate, 1.7 to 2.2 CO₂ ㎎/d㎡/hr, and matured leaves marked the most efficient photosynthesis, 2.9 to 3.5 CO₂ ㎎/d㎡/hr. Young leaves of 5 days old had the highest light compensation point, while matured leaves of 35 days-old had the lowest point. Rates of dark respiration in both young leaves and old leaves were higher than that of matured leaves. Trees which were planted at space 80㎝ × 80㎝ showed productive assimilation function over the one-third of height where relative light intensity is 35%.