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국제매매계약위반에 대한 구제방법으로서의 대체거래에 기초한 손해배상
김인호(Kim Inho) 법무부 국제법무정책과 2013 통상법률 Vol.- No.109
When a contract has been avoided because of a breach, the aggrieved party may engage in a substitute transaction. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(CISG) article 75 provides that an aggrieved party may recover damages measured by the difference between the contract price and the price in a substitute transaction if the original contract has been avoided and if the substitute transaction was concluded in a reasonable manner and within a reasonable time after avoidance. Article 75provides for the “concrete” measurement of damages, eliminating the need for the aggrieved party to prove the market price for the goods. This concrete method for calculating damages is preferred to improve legal certainty of the parties and thus to promote international trade. CISG has entered into force in 78 countries including Korea’s major trading counterparts. Also CISG entered into force in Korea on March 1, 2005. It is not surprising that this paper has identified Korean court decisions measuring damages by the difference between the contract price and the price in a substitute transaction. This paper focuses on the prerequisites of the concrete measurement of the damages and legal consequences of failing to satisfy the prerequisites. Therefore, this paper could contribute to promoting Korean courts’ clear understanding of the prerequisites of the concrete measurement of the damages as well as to enhancing legal certainty of the parties concerned.
김인호(Kim, Inho) 역사실학회 2018 역사와실학 Vol.65 No.-
고려시대의 국왕은 관료, 지배층, 대중과의 소통이 필요하였다. 특히 고려왕조는 지역 세력을 통합하였기 때문에 이들의 이해관계를 반영하여야 했다. 따라서 고려왕조는 소통을 위한 정치적 제도화가 필요하였다. 고려왕조는 제도적으로 언론을 담당하는 관료를 만들어야 했다. 하지만 고려왕조가 처음부터 제도를 만든 것은 아니다. 고려초기 국왕은 소수의 고위 관료만을 만났다. 따라서 소통을 위한 제도는 필요하지 않았다. 국왕인 광종은 권위적인 통치를 하였고, 이로 인해 죽은 사람들이 많았다. 따라서 안정을 위한 욕구가 커져갔다. 언론을 맡은 관료는 이로 인해 제도적으로 만들어졌다. 이후 지식인은 고려후기 군주수신론을 통해 소통문제를 해결하려고 하였다. 반면에 군주와 신하 간의 긴장은 잔치를 통해 해결하였다. 또한 군주와 신료 간의 소통은 문장을 통해 이루어졌다. 이를 통해 군주는 관료의 의견을 직접 들었다. 민본론은 유교경전인 서경에서 나온 것이다. 이 이념은 고려후기까지 확산되었다. 그리고 조선왕조는 정도전에 의해 이를 기본적인 이념으로 삼았다. 또한 고려왕조는 민과의 소통을 중요하게 보지 않았다. 고려왕조에서 민의는 주로 요언이나 와언, 동요 등으로 표출되었다. 이것은 사회적 불안감을 틈타 확산되었다. 이를 막기 위한 정책이 그때마다 이루어졌지만, 체계화된 것은 아니었다. 하지만 조선왕조는 이를 체계적으로 수집하였다. 유언비어는 대표적인 민의였다. 이를 수집하는 것은 언관들의 중요한 역할이기도 하였다. 조선왕조는 이를 모아서 정치에 반영하려고 했던 것이다. The king of the Goryeo Dynasty needed communication with the bureaucracy, the ruling class, and the public. The Koryo dynasty, in particular, had to incorporate their interests because they incorporated regional forces. Therefore, the Koryo dynasty needed political institutionalization for communication. The Koryo dynasty had to form a bureaucracy in charge of the media systematically. However, the Koryo dynasty did not create the system from the beginning. The King met only a handful of senior officials. Therefore, no system for communication was needed. The king, Gaungjong, had authoritarian rule, and many people died because of this. Therefore, the desire for stability was great. The bureaucrats in charge of the media have been institutionalized by this. The intellectuals tried to solve this problem by training the monarch in the late Koryo period. On the other hand, the tension between the monarch and the servant was solved through the feast. Communication was also made through sentences. Through this, the monarch heard the opinions of the bureaucracy. The ideology based on the people came from Confucianism. This comes from the Western scholar who was a scholar. This ideology spread to the late Koryo period. And the Chosun dynasty made it the basic idea. The Koryo dynasty also did not regard communication with the people as important. However, the Chosun Dynasty systematically collected it. It was the will of the representative people. The Chosun dynasty tried to collect and reflect on politics.
국내 배출권거래제도의 효율적 운영과 국제거래시장에의 편입
김인호(Kim Inho) 법무부 국제법무정책과 2013 통상법률 Vol.- No.114
Climate change is a global concern. Efforts at the global level to reduce greenhouse gases appear stalled due to conflicting political and economic interests. Korea has introduced emissions trading scheme to be implemented in 2015, which would concretize its policy of low carbon green growth to fulfill its responsibility in international community. Emissions trading scheme is a market-based mechanism to internalize the pollution costs externalized to society and the environment. Policy considerations are inevitably interwound in operating emissions trading scheme. Industries complying with emissions trading scheme might take strategic responses to resist or avoid the scheme in fear of relatively weakened competitiveness to their non-complying counterparts. It is time for Korea to remove their concerns and to play a role in international community by operating a robust and reasonable scheme. If policy coherence is ensured across the different policies, the policy goal of greenhouse gas reduction could be efficiently achieved by emissions trading scheme coupled with a policy promoting renewable energy. Emissions trading scheme has been critiqued by some political and business circles. However, the European and U.S. regional experience suggests that once a system is operating it generates some sustaining momentum by itself. The regulated industries also prefer emissions trading scheme to a command and control regulatory system or a pollution tax. The details of the scheme in terms of the laws and regulations should be developed and refined with over time. But it is evident that as markets can play a role in environmental regulation emissions trading scheme will grow internationally. Linkage with other schemes would promote emissions trading across jurisdictions, which enables markets to serve to play a broader role. The aim of emissions trading scheme should be to reduce carbon emissions but at the same time reduce costs. The scheme should embrace both economic growth and environmental benefit. Korean emission trading scheme, which is stable and efficient, linked with other schemes could implement policy goal of low carbon green growth and contribute to greenhouse gas reduction internationally.