구충제 : 면마를 중심으로

김낙두(Nak Doo Kim) 한국생약학회 1975 생약학회지 Vol.6 No.2

혈관에 미치는 효과

김낙두(Nak Doo Kim) 고려인삼학회 2007 최신고려인삼연구 Vol.- No.-

진세노사이드의 혈관확장작용과 분자기전

김낙두(Nak Doo Kim) 고려인삼학회 2008 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.32 No.2

인삼은 혈관을 확장하며 혈액 순환을 개선함으로서 항고혈압 및 항 혈전작용을 나타낸다. 홍삼의 총 사포닌은 혈관내피세포-유래 nitric oxide(NO)를 혈관 내피세포로부터 유리하여 혈액의 흐름을 원활하게하고 혈관을 확장하기 때문이다. 총 사포닌 중 ginsenoside Rg3의 혈관 확장효과가 가장 강력하다. 내피세포에서 인삼이 NO를 유리하는 기전은 총 사포닌이 혈관내피세포막의 칼륨통로(Kca Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>-activated K+ channel)를 활성화하고 Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>를 내피세포내로 유입함으로서 내피세포의 endothelial nitric oxide synthase(eNOS)를 활성화하기 때문이다. 최근에는 eNOS활성의 조절에는[Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>]i외에도 eNOS효소를 인산화 하는 신호전달 경로가 관여한다고 보고되었다. PI3K/Akt외존성 ERK1/2 및 eNOS 경로의 인산화로 NO가 생성된다. 혈관평활 근의 이완기전은 내피세포로부터 유리된 NO가 평활근세포에서 guanylyl cyclase 효소를 활성화하여 cGMP의 조직 내 함량을 증가하기 때문이다. 평활 근 세포내 cGMP의 증가는 세포내 칼슘이온농도 [Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>]i를 저하하며 또한 NO가 혈관 평활 근의 칼륨통로를 개방하여 세포막을 과분극하고 이어서 칼슘통로를 차단하기 때문에 세포내 칼슘이온농도가 저하되어 혈관이 확장된다. 총 사포닌의 iNOS 유도 작용도 혈관 이완작용에 기여하는 것 같다. 총 사포닌과 ginsenoside Rg3은 혈소판 응집을 억제하여 혈액순환 개선에 기여한다. 끝으로 선천성 고혈압 쥐에서 총 사포닌이 혈압상승을 억제하는 작용이 있으며 이는 프로스타글란딘 H₂ 수용체에 대한 길항작용과 자유라디칼 생성에 대한 소거작용에 기인하는 것 같다. There are increasing evidences in the literatures on the potential role of ginsenosides in treating cardiovascular diseases. In this article, current information about ginsenosides-mediated vascular relaxation are reviewed. From the published studies using isolated organs, cell culture systems and animal models, ginsenosides are shown to relax blood vessels and improve blood flow through diverse mechanisms, including nitric oxide release by activating eNOS phosphorylation via PI3K/Akt and/or ERK1/2 pathways in endothelial cells, induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase through activation of NF-kB, reducing the intracelluar Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> levels by activating Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>-activated K+ channels in vascular smooth muscle cells and reducing platelet aggregation by decreasing thromboxane A₂ formation and intracelluar Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> in platelets. In addition, the relevant clinical trials regarding the effects of ginsenosides on the cardiovascular disease are summarized, particulary focusing on managing hypertension and improving thrombotic disorders. Finally, antagonistic effects of ginsenosides on the prostaglandin H₂ receptor and scavenging effects on the generation of oxygen-derived free radicals in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) are discussed.

인삼 Saponin이 피부에 미치는 영향

김낙두(Nak-Doo Kim),우린근(Lin-Keun Woo) 한국생약학회 1976 생약학회지 Vol.7 No.2

To investigate untoward effects which might be produced by local application of Ginseng saponin, sensitization test and eye irritation test were performed in guinea pigs and rabbits. Any reaction on the skin was not found at a dose of 0.1 ㎖ of 0.1% solution in sensitization test. Instillation of Ginseng saponin (0.1 ㎖ of 1.0% and 10% soultion) into the right eye of rabbits did not produce any irritation. Median lethal dose of the total saponin in mouse was 695 ㎎/㎏ by i.p. and 1490㎎/㎏ by s.c. injection.

인삼이 백서심장의 cyclic AMP함량 변화에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

김낙두(Nak-Doo Kim),차수만(Soo-Man Cha) 한국생약학회 1982 생약학회지 Vol.13 No.4

It was previously reported from our laboratory that the rate of deterioration of the force of contraction was slower in heart from Panax ginseng extract treated rats. The study carried out to elucidate its mechanism of the action on hearts. The cyclic AMP content in the rat hearts was measured by the method of radioimmumoassay techniques. Panax ginseng extract (100㎎/㎏/day) was administered orally to male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 150g to 250g for 1 week and after 24hrs the hearts were isolated and the cyclic AMP content in the fresh heart was assayed. The difference in cycle AMP content between the rats treated with Panax ginseng extracts and normal rats was not significant. Panax ginseng extract(100㎎/㎏/day) was administered orally to the rats for 1 week and after 24hrs the hearts were isolated and perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer (pH7.4) for 90min. The cyclic AMP content in the both treated and normal rats was not also significantly different. On the other hand, when total ginseng saponin (50㎎/㎏/day) was administered orally to rats for 1 week and after 24hrs, the isolated hearts were perfused with Krebs Henseleit soultion for 32min, the cyclic AMP content in total ginseng soponin (10^(-4)g/㎖) for 12 min after 30 min equilbration period, the cyclic AMP content in total ginseng saponin treated hearts was decreased by 23.7% compared to normal rats. Isolated hearts were perfused with ginseng saponins (10^(-4)g/㎖) or with Kerbs-Henseleit solution alone for 10min and subsequently with dl-isoproterenol (1/2×10^-6M) until the positive inotropic effect of isoproterenol was initiated. The cyclic AMP content in each rat hearts treated with total ginseng saponin, or with ginsenosied Rb₁, or with Krebs-Henseleit solution alone were increased by 35.5%, 42.4%, 47.5%, respectively, compared to normal rats.

인삼의 강장효과에 관한 연구(2) : 인삼의 심장기능 보호작용

김낙두(Nak-Doo Kim),김봉기(Bong-Ki Kim) 한국생약학회 1980 생약학회지 Vol.11 No.1

연자 등은 인삼에서 얻은 protopanaxatriol계 사포닌인 ginsenoside Re를 백서심장에 관류했을 때 자발적 운동의 점진적 마비가 억제됨을 보고한 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 인삼을 미리 경구적으로 투여하고 이 백서에서 얻은 적출심장의 자발운동에 대해 의인적 자극이 주는 효과를 정상 백서심장과 비교 관찰하였다. 백서에 인삼엑기스 100㎎/㎏을 경구적으로 투여하였으며 심장운동은 Langendorff장치에 현수한 심장을 force-displacement transducer를 이용하여 polygraph상에 기록하였다. 정상군의 자발적 심장수축력은 1시간 후에 75%로 억제된데 반해 인삼투여군의 수축력은 95% 이상의 수축력을 유지 하였으며 phenylephrine (10^-6M) , isoproterenol(10^(-7)M) 및 ouabain(2×10^-6M) 등의 흥분약으로 인해 정상군에서는 57.10%, 27.12 및 45.95%의 수축력이 증가하였으나 인삼투여군에서는 각각 39.69%, 16.67% 및 31.91%의 수축력의 증가를 나타내어 정상군에 비하여 각각 30% 이상의 수축력의 감소를 나타내었다. 반면에 phentolamine(2×10^-6M) 및 propranolol(10^-6) 등 수축력 억제약에 의해서는 정상군에서 47.79% 및 41. 18%의 억제효과에 비해 인삼투여군에서는 22.5% 및 34.93%의 억제효과를 나타내어 인삼의 전처치가 수축력의 마비를 각각 52.9% 및 15.18% 억제하였다. 결론적으로 인삼은 심장운동에 있어서 외부환경 자극에 대해 완충작용이 있는 것으로 사료된다.

인삼의 항스트레스 작용에 관한 연구

김낙두(Nak Doo Kim),한병훈(Byung Hoon Hahn),이은방(Eun Bang Lee),공재양(Jae Yang Kong),김명혜(Myoung Hae Kim),진창배(Chang Bae Jin) 한국생약학회 1979 생약학회지 Vol.10 No.2

Two pure saponin components, Panax saponin C (protopanaxatriol derivative, ginsenoside Re) and Panax saponin E (protopanaxadiol derivative, ginsenoside Rb_l) were isolated from Panax ginseng root and their acute toxicities in mice and antistress effects in rats were investigated. Average lethal doses (LD_(50)) of ginsenoside Re were 130㎎/㎏ (i.v.), more than 1,000㎎/㎏ (i.p.) and more than 1,500 ㎎/㎏ (s.c.), respectively. Average lethal dose of ginsenoside Rb₁ was 243㎎/㎏ intravenously. Adrenal ascorbic acid and cholesterol contents were significantly decreased when normal rats were exposed to heat (40℃) for 30 min. The reduction of the adrenal ascorbic acid and cholesterol contents in rats was partially prevented when the rats received the ginseng saponins prior to exposure to heat stress and most pronounced effects were observed in rats received ginsenoside Re. However, it was found that administration of ginseng alone, without stress, did not significantly change the ascorbic acid and cholesterol contents in adrenal glands. Eosinophil counts in the blood of the rats were elevated when the rats were exposed to the heat stress, and the elevation of the eosinophil counts were prevented with the ginseng saponins under the stress, but the changes were all insignificant statistically.

생약제제의 생물학적 검정법

김낙두(Nak Doo Kim) 한국생약학회 1973 생약학회지 Vol.4 No.1

인삼 사포닌이 3-O-Methylglucose의 장관내 흡수에 미치는 영향(I)

김낙두(Nak Doo Kim),이종욱(Jong Wook Lee) 대한약학회 1978 약학회지 Vol.22 No.3

The effects of ginseng saponin on the transport of 3-0-methylglucose (=3-0-MG) in an isolated rat intestine were studied by using modified Wiseman''s circulating unit. Ginseng saponin inhibited significantly the intestinal absorption of 3-0-MG when it was circulated together with ginseng saponin through the isolated intestine. Ginseng saponin was given to rats intraperitoneally and orally, and the intestine isolated from the rats after one and four hours was used for the study of glucose absorption. When buffer solution containing 3-0-MG was circulated through the isolated intestine, the absorption of 3-0-MG was decreased by 22.5 % in the intestine isolated after one hour, whereas the absorption was increased in the intestine after four hours. The results indicate that intestinal absorption of 3-0-MG was inhibited when the saponin is contained in the same circulation medium. However, the inhibition of absorption was not significant in the intestine of rats which were previously exposed to the saponin orally or intraperitoneally.

면마의 흰쥐 조충에 대한 구충효과

김낙두(Nak Doo Kim),백철기(Chul Ki Baik),김인철(In Chull Kim) 한국생약학회 1977 생약학회지 Vol.8 No.3

Aspidium ether extract was obtained from Dryopteris crassirhizoma(Aspidiaceae), which is widely distributed in Korea and its vermicidal effect on the rats infected with Hymenolepis diminuta was investigated. Effects of Aspidium ether extract purchased from the market, several fractions obtained from the seed of Torreya nucifora and bithionol were also compared. Vermicidal effect of Aspidium against Hymenolepis diminuta was found only in one-third of the rats used for investigation and the effect of the fresh Aspidium ether extract was similar to that of Aspidium ether extract purchased from market. However, it was observed that the whole seeds of Torreya nucifera (Torreyaceae) and its residue from which oil fraction was removed as well as bithionol were highly effective against Hymenolepis diminuta.