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지역 생계에 미치는 외주이동 노동의 영향: 네팔을 중심으로
구룽아누프 ( A. Gurung ),구룽옴프라카스 ( O. P. Gurung ),오상은 ( S. E. Oh ) 강원대학교 농업생명과학연구원(구 농업과학연구소) 2011 강원 농업생명환경연구 Vol.23 No.1
Migration is one of the historically existing phenomena in Nepal. Over the past two decades, labor migration and remittances are major economic mainstays for Nepal`s economy. In 2009, approximately 2.98 billion USD was remitted to Nepal from international migrants, which accounted for 21.8% of national gross domestic product. This study empirically evaluates a conceptual framework incorporating rural household livelihoods as an integrative mediating factor between rural migration and the rural economic development in the context of labor out-migration in Namarjung Village Development Committee, one of the underprivileged rural communities in Nepal. The analysis draws on data collected through in-depth household questionnaire survey, key informant interviews, and focus group discussion to estimate the hypothesized effects. Results confirm the hypothesis that migrant and non-migrant households differ significantly in livelihood activities including agricultural production, income and consumption behaviors, and resource use and land management. It was found that households annual income increased significantly (24%, 50,000 NPR/year) after involvement in the abroad employment. In very recent years, higher percentage of female (25.56%) was also found involving in international migration. Nevertheless, it was found that the process of migration affected the human capital negatively and has created shortage of manpower which corresponds to 51%. Additionally, the livestock, mainly goat and sheep also reduced by 50%. However, it was found that with increasing return inflows of remittances, the social and physical facilities and services near to the surveyed area also improved substantially including access to electricity, transportation, schools, health clinics, and communicating media. This study reveals that the often countervailing nature of out-migration affects the short and long terms rural community revitalization processes.