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나고야의정서가 전통지식보호에 미치는 영향과 그 대응책 -한의약에 관한 전통지식을 중심으로-
고광국 ( Kwang Kuk Koh ) 한남대학교 과학기술법연구소 2013 과학기술법연구 Vol.19 No.1
1992년 생물다양성협약(Convention on Biological Diversity: CBD)이 채택된 이후에 세계지식재산권기구(World Intellectual Property Organization: WIPO), 무역관련지식재산권협정(Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights: TRIPs) 등 국제기구에서 자주 논의되고 크게 부각되는 이슈 중의 하나가 전통지식·유전자원 및 전통문화표현물의 지식재산권 보호에 관한 논의이다. 이중 전통지식에 관하여 보호할 가치가 있는 대표적인 것으로 전통의약지식이 거론되고 있으며 전통의약지식은 그 고부가가치성과 시장성으로 인하여 핵심적인 국제논의의 사안으로 부각되고 있다. 특히 WIPO는 2001년 정부간위원회를 설치하여 4월에 제1차 회의를 시작으로 2012년 7월에 개최된 제22차 회의까지 전통지식·유전자원 및 전통문화표현물의 지식재산권보호에 관하여 계속 논의하였다. 이러한 이들 이슈의 미해결 상황에서 2010년 10월 일본 나고야에서 개최된 CBD 제10차 총회는 “유전자원 접근 및 이익 공유에 관한 나고야의정서”를 채택하였다. 나고야의정서는 CBD의 목적 중 비교적 실천적 방안이 이루어지지 않았던 “이익 공유”에 관하여 법적 구속력 있는 규정을 두고 있는 데 특색이 있다. 나고야의정서가 발효되면 타국의 유전자원 이용 시 자원에 대한 접근에 일정한 절차가 필요하며 유전자원 및 관련 전통지식을 이용하는 경우에 금전적이거나 비금전적 보상의 문제가 현실화된다. 따라서 유전자원 관련 전통지식의 접근, 이 지식의 보유국, 이익공유의 이슈가 현실적으로 제기되며 각 국가는 자국의 유전자원 및 전통지식에 대한 주장과 증거제시를 하게 될 것이다. 우리나라도 많은 전통지식이 있으며 일상생활에 자주 이용하면서도 전통지식에 대한 이해가 낮아 그 존재를 무시하는 경우도 있다. 나고야의정서의 채택을 계기로 우리나라의 대응책이 필요하며 전통지식을 더욱더 발굴, 기록 및 데이터화, 권리화 등과 더불어 심층적인 연구가 절실히 요구된다. Since the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD) was concluded in * Senior Research Fellow, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information. 1992, intellectual knowledge protection of Traditional Knowledge(TK), Genetic Resources(GR) and Traditional Cultural Expression (TCE) is one of issues often discussed by international organizations such as World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO), World Trade Organization(WTO). Traditional knowledge generally refers to the knowledge which is owned by the traditional community and has been transmitted and developed for centuries under local regulations, custom and tradition. Traditional knowledge plays an important role in a critical field such as food safety, agricultural development and medical treatment. Such Traditional knowledge is significant heritage for the community which developed and maintained it. However, as traditional knowledge remain in a public domain, it is possible for anybody to use it. There were many attempts to protect traditional knowledge by a lot of academics, international organizations and governments. In particular WIPO played a pivotal role in this issue. In 2000, at the 26th session WIPO General Assembly, WIPO Member States decided to establish a spatial body to discuss intellectual property issues related to genetic resources, traditional knowledge and folklore. The body was designated Intergovernmental Committee(IGC) and from 2001 through mid-2012 convened 22 times. In this situation, Nagoya Protocol on access to genetic resources and the pair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilization to the CBD was signed at Nagoya 2010. 10. 29. If this protocol shall enter into force, a country which use genetic resources of any other country needs procedures in order to access them and shall share monetary and non-monetary benefits with the country fairly and equitably. Accordingly our country needs to analyse the impact of Nagoya protocol and make preparations to the protocol.
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고광국(Kwang-Kuk Koh) 충남대학교 법학연구소 2008 法學硏究 Vol.19 No.1
According to WIPO, traditional knowledge is the term used to refer to tradition-based literary, artistic or scientific works; performances; inventions; scientific discoveries; designs; marks, names and symbols; undisclosed information; and all other tradition-based innovations and creations resulting from intellectual activity in the industrial, scientific, literary or artistic fields. Among traditional knowledge, traditional medicinal knowledge is referred as one of the most important traditional knowledge Traditional knowledge is an important source of income, food and health for large parts of populations, particularly in developing countries. Traditional knowledge is also important for social and cultural reasons. Those are reasons for protecting traditional knowledge. There are three possible means for protecting traditional knowledge. They are the existing intellectual property rights regime, the documentation of traditional knowledge and sui generis system. Some critics believe that the current intellectual property systems are inherently inappropriate and malfunction in relation to the traditional knowledge holders' needs and expectations. They insist on a “sui generis“ system. When we adopt a “sui generis“ system as the best solution for the protection of traditional knowledge, we may think about four different models for traditional knowledge protection. Four models are as follows: a public domain model, a commercial use model, a trust model and an ownership model. Each model has its own strength and weakness. Therefore, there cannot be any one-size-fits-all solution model. However, I think it is necessary to select a basic model to guide future efforts. In my opinion, it is desirable to adopt a commercial model as a basic model. Of course, a commercial model also has its own weakness. Therefore, I think, a commercial model need to be mixed with other models for better results.
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이재성,고광국,Lee, Chai-Sung,Koh, Kwang-Gook 대한화학회 1961 대한화학회지 Vol.5 No.1
A small size Fischer-Tropsch Catalyst testing apparatus, designed for an operating pressure of 150 psig, was test fabricated from ordinary schedule 40 iron pipes. The operability of the apparatus was tested by charging the reactor tube with the Lurgi Fischer-Tropsch iron Catalyst and passing through it the water gas obtained by gasifying the Korean anthracite using steam and oxygen. With the kind of catalyst charged, the apparatus was proven to daily produce about 50c.c. of synthetic greasy product, water and water soluble compounds, by running at a temperature of $250^{\circ}C$ and at a space velocity of 180 volume of gas per volume of catalyst/hr. About 20 consecutive days of operation is claimed to be sufficient for gathering an enough amount of synthetic products for such ordinary tests as distillation analysis, density measurement, iodine value determination etc. This trial fabrication of apparatus may be the first case of its kind in Korea in that the work has been conducted out in much a pilot plant scheme rather than a routine laboratory way which depends on small glass ware apparatus.
KCI
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