서비스무역에 관한 일반협정(GATS)상 동종성(likeness)에 관한 소고

강승관(Kang seung gwan) 한국국제경제법학회 2009 국제경제법연구 Vol.7 No.2

상품무역에 관한 분쟁이 발생했을 때 가장 중요한 쟁점 중의 하나는 바로 상품의 동종성(likeness)에 관한 문제이다. 지금까지의 WTO 판정례를 살펴본다면, 일견(prima facie) 차별대우를 받았다고 생각될지라도 문제가 되는 상품 간의 동종성(likeness)이 없는 것으로 밝혀질 경우 이는 차별(discrimination)이 아니라 차등(differentiation)이기 때문에 WTO협정의 위반이 아닌 것으로 간주되기 때문이다. 그러나 GATS에서는 상품무역에 관한 분쟁에서 적용되었던 논리가 그대로 적용된다고 말하기 어렵다. 특히 서비스(service)의 본질적인 특성 및 이로 인해 파생되는 특성을 고려해볼 때, 상품무역에서 통용되었던 논리를 그대로 적용시킬 수 없기 때문이다. 점증하는 서비스무역과 그에 따라 관련 분쟁이 증가할 것으로 예상되는 바, 서비스무역에 있어서 동종성 판단기준에 관한 문제는 더 이상 미룰 수 없는, 앞으로 계속 살펴보아야 할 화제로 보인다. 본 사항에 있어서 완벽한 판단 기준을 세우기란 불가능하다. 서비스무역이 가지는 본질적인 특성상 GATT 상의 BTA방식 자체는 서비스 및 서비스 공급자의 동종성 판단 기준으로서 적합하지 않다. 다만 서비스의 본질적 특성을 고려하여, 변형된 BTA방식, 즉 ‘물리적’ 특성 대신에 서비스의 ‘내재적’ 특성, 관세분류 대신에 불완전하게나마 적용할 수 있는 UNCPC, 그리고 서비스에 대한 소비자들의 인식 및 습관, 최종용도 등을 고려한다면, 서비스의 동종성을 판단하는 데 있어 여전히 효과적인 방식 중의 하나가 될 수 있다. 특히 소비자들의 인식 및 습관, 최종용도는 비중을 두어서 검토해야 할 요소라고 본다. 다만 더 정교한 동종성검토를 위해서는 무엇이 ‘내재적’이고 ‘내재적’인 특성은 무슨 방법으로 밝혀내야 하는지, 그리고 UNCPC의 불완전성을 어떻게 보완해 나가는 것인지 등의 숙제가 존재한다. This Article has the purpose to study "likeness" in General Agreement on Trade in Services because it is one of primary issues when pane 1 or appellate body of WTO examines the dispute concerning services. Although this issue is important and so is thought to be clarified, Members of WTO have not had less attention to it and have suggested that this thorny question be examined by DSB. In examining "likeness" of product, DSB have adopted two approaches: BTA approach and Aim and Effect approach. However, these methods cannot be considered in the dispute concerning services due to the fundamental characteristics of services. Thus, panel or appellate body which managed the dispute had no choice but to take an ambiguous position. For example, panel in EC-Banana Ⅲ stated that to the extent that entities provide these like services, they are like service suppliers. In this situation, it is necessary to adopt alternatives to decide "likeness" in services trade system. Frankly speaking, it is impossible to settle precise or strict standards in reviewing "likeness" in services trade system. However, it might be considered to establish "transformed" BTA approach given the several characteristics of services; internal features of services themselves, UNCPC and habits or tastes of customers are major elements to decide whether services and services suppliers are like or unlike. Aim and Effect theory, which has been rarely used, cannot be one of standards examining "likeness" due to same reasons which had been mentioned by DSB. "Transformed" BTA approach is certainly imperfect one, but it might be a kind of threshold to pave the way for reaching transparent and fair dispute settlement.

중앙배관시설에서 산소기통대신 질소기통이 연결되어 발생한 저산소증

한영진,이상귀,고성훈,강승관 대한마취과학회 1999 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.36 No.2

We present a case of hypoxia which occurred during the onset of general anesthesia in a small hospital. It was found that one of the oxygen tank which formed the central pipeline gas supply had been erroneously replaced by a nitrogen tank. Lack of strict observance of Compressed Gas Supply Standards by the gas supplier and the hospital personnel allowed it. We also emphasize that the oxygen analyzer should be counted as an essential monitor in every anesthesia. Oxygen analyzer detects the supply of intraoperative hypoxic gas admixture promptly and effectively. (Korean J Anesthesiol 1999; 36: 370∼373)

하복부 수술에서 경막외 Bupivacaine 과 Verapamil 을 이용한 진통효과

최훈,한영진,박장훈,김진송,강승관,최현규 대한마취과학회 1996 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.31 No.2

Background: Activation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors leads to Ca++ entry into the cell and initiates a series of central sensitization such as wind up and longterm potentiation in the spinal cord. Therefore, it can be postulated that the central sensitization would be prevented by blocking Ca++ entry with verapamil. In this double-blind study, we administered lumbar epidural bupivacaine or bupivacaine plus verapamil to verify whether preoperative epidural anesthesia can preempt postoperative pain and to investigate the possible role of calcium channel blocker, verapamil, in the central sensitization. Methods: Sixty patients (ASA class I-II) scheduled for lower abdominal surgery were randomly assigned to one of three groups of equal size. Group 1 (PR) is preincisional epidural bupivacaine group. Group 2 (PO) is postincisional epidural bupivacaine group. Group 3 (PRV) is preincisional epidural bupivacaine and verapamil group. Visual analogue pain and mood scores, Prince Henry Scores, sedation scores, cumulative PCA (patient controlled analgesia) morphine consumptions, and the incidence of side effects were assessed at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 hours after operation. Results: Cumulative PCA morphine consumptions in PRV group was significantly lower than in PR and PO group at 24, 48 hours after surgery. The incidence of side effects had no difference among three groups. Conclusion: Preoperative epidural anesthesia with 10ml of bupivacaine would be insufficient to preempt postoperative pain in lower abdominal surgery. However, addition of verapamil to preoperative epidural bupivacaine would decrease postoperative pain possibly by preventing the establishment of central sensitization.

고비중 Bupivacaine 을 이용한 척추마취시 일측 하지의 차단을 위해서는 얼마동안의 측와위 유지시간이 필요한가 ?

최훈,송희선,한영진,이상귀,고성훈,강승관 대한마취과학회 2000 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.38 No.1

Background : In searching for a differential spinal block between dependent and nondependent sides, we evaluated the influence of the duration of lateral decubitus on the spread of hyperbaric bupivacaine during spinal anesthesia. Methods : Spinal anesthesia with 1.2 ml of hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine (6 mg) was administered with a 25-gauge Whitacre unidirectional needle to 50 ASA 1 patients undergoing unilateral knee arthroscopy. The patients were allocated randomly to three groups according to the duration of lateral deoubitus after spinal injection in the lateral position operation side dependent : Group 1, 10 min in lateral deoubitus then supine; Group 2, 20 min in lateral decubitus then supine; Group 3, 30 min in lateral decubitus than supine. Sensory and motor block (pinprick/modified Bromage scale) as well as skin temperature were compared between the dependent and nondependent sides. Circulatory variables were recorded for 10 min after being tuned supine. Results: The sensory block between dependent and nondependent sides were significantly different in Group 3. In Group 1, the level of maximum sensory b1ock was higher than Group 3 on nondependent side. There was no difference in the number of patients having achieved Grade 3 and 0 motor block among Ihree groups on dependent and nondependent sides. The skin temperature in lateral decubitus was significantly higher on the dependent side than nondependent side in three groups. In Groups 1 and 2, the shin temperatures of nondependent side were increased after turned supine, but that was maintained during supine position in Group 3. The circulatory variables were stable in all 50 patients. Conclusions: We conclude that when a small dose of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivaraine is injected into patients in the lateral position, complete unilateral spinal aneithesia is achieved when the patients are keep in a lateral position for more than 30 min after spinal injection. ( Korean J Anesthesiol 2000 ; 38 : 35-41)