자연과학편 : 국민학교(國民學校) 체육과(體育科) 교육과정(敎育課程) 운영(運營)의 적절성(適切性) 평가(評價)

강상조(SangJoKang),김갑수(KapSooKim),김복현(BokHyunKim),조정환(JungWhanCho) 한국체육학회 1990 한국체육학회지 Vol.29 No.2

This study was undertaken to explore the effective management plan for elementary school physical education curriculum. In this study the relavancy of elementary school physical education curriculum the appropriateness of content selection and organization, the key role of physical education teacher in activity classes, the loss of classes, facilities and equipment, and other factors related to the management of physical education, were discussed and analyzed. The implications of the study are as follows :1. The objectives of basic knowledge in the aspects of physical fitness, the enhancement of motor skills, exercise and health are presented in difficult way of achievement. The new understanding and discussion, therefore, of the objectives in physical education and the setting-up and presentation of the objectives in possible way of realization.2. The contents in psycho-motor domain must be rearranged to be applicable within school curriculum. Swimming, for example, is desirous to be one of student-initiated intramural activities.3. In terms of the efficiencies of activity classes, exclusively responsible teachers for physical education only is requested as soon as possible.4. The loss of physical education classes due to the supplementary instructions in other academic disciplines is a serious problem, which is to be strictly managed.5. The extension of facilities and equipments is, by means of environmental factors, closely related to the outcome of physical education, which asks government and administrative bodies to realize the importance of their major policies.

체육측정평가 : 윗몸일으키기 검사 ( Sit-up ) 의 동등화와 검사차별기능 검증

강상조(SangJoKang) 한국체육학회 1999 한국체육학회지 Vol.38 No.1

이 연구는 세 가지 상이한 윗몸일으키기 검사(① 팔을 목뒤에 깍지낀 자세의 윗몸일으키기, ② 팔을 가슴에 교차하여 붙인 자세의 윗몸일으키기, ③ 손가락 끝으로 一定 距離의 바닥에 설치한 구조물에 닿게 하는 동작을 반복적으로 수행하는 Curl-ups)들의 성별, 연령별 檢査差別機能 (differential item function DIF) 을 검증하고 이들 검사로부터 얻은 점수들을 單一集團設計를 이용하여 線型 同等化와 同百分位 同等化한 후 그 결과를 설명하는 방법을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 서울 소재 초·중·고등학교에 재학중인 6세에서 18세까지의 남녀 학생으로서 윗몸일으키기 검사를 시행해본 경험을 가진 3,448명(남자 1,750명, 여자 1,698명)이 연구대상으로 선정되었다. 수집된 자료는 일차적으로 原點數에 대한 기술 통계치를 산출하여 제시하였다. 성별, 학년별 DIF는 Draba(1977)와 Linacre(1994)가 제안한 방법을 FACETS 프로그램(Linacre, 1994)을 이용하여 검증하였다. 그리고 성별, 학년별 자료의 同等化는 동등화를 위해 개발된 RAGE 프로그램(Zeng, Kolen, & Hanson, 1995)을 이용하였다. 정확성이 가장 높은 동등화 방법을 결정하기 위하여 이 연구에서는 交叉妥當化 표본을 이용하여 잔차제곱 평균제곱근(RMSD)과 잔차제곱근(MSD), 그리고 t 검증방법을 이용하였다. 분석 결과 Draba와 Linacre가 제안한 방법간에는 6세 아동을 제외하고는 전체적으로 일치하고 있다. 또한 Draba가 제안한 난이도 차이에 의한 DIF 검색기준(.50 logit 이상)은 Linacre가 제안한 Rasch 방법보다 敏感性(sensitivity)이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 동등화 방법별 정확성 검증 결과에 의하면 전체적으로 同等化 方法 간에는 미세한 차이를 나타내고 있으나 線型同等化 방법이 가장 적은 RMSD를 나타냄으로써 정확성이 높은 방법으로 선정되었다. 정확성이 가장 높은 동등화 방법을 근거로 팔을 목뒤에 깍지 낀 자세의 윗몸일으키기 검사에 다른 두 검사를 동등화시킨 전환표(conversion table)가 작성되었다. A sit-ups test is one of the most popular physical fitness tests used in practice and it is included all the major national physical fitness testing and educational programs. For example, the flexed-leg sit-ups test (simplified as Sit-ups 1), in which testees` hands clasped in back of the neck and elbows pointed forward, was an earlier version employed in the Korean national physical fitness testing programs. The test was replaced by a modified sit-ups test in 1980s (simplified as Sit-ups 2), in which testee`s arms crossed at the chest with feet anchored. More recently, the modified test was replaced by a curl-ups test (simplified as Sit-ups 3), in which testees` arms and hands put on a mat beside body, with no feet anchored. However, the equivalence and differential item functioning of these tests has not been determined, which made it very difficult to use the tests exchangeablely. The purpose of this study was to determine the equivalence of these tests using a single-group equating design and to examine the differential item functioning of these tests between genders. Three sit-ups tests were administered to a total of 3,448 Korean school children and youth (1,752 boys and 1,696 girls), ranging in ages from 6 to 18 years. The tests were administered during a 3-week period, a test per week, and the testing orders were counterbalanced. To evaluate the equating accuracy, the collected data were randomly split into two samples: equating and cross-validation. The equivalent relationships of these tests were first determined using the equating sample, and the scores of Sit-ups 2 and 3 were equated to the scale of Sit-ups 1. The equating analyses were completed using the RAGE computer program (Zeng, Kolen, & Hanson, 1995), in which a set of equating methods was employed, including unsmoothed and smoothed (with eight spline-smoothing parameters) equipercentile equating and linear equating. The equating accuracy was evaluated using the cross-validation sample by an index called the "Root Mean Squared Difference" (RMSD), "Mean Squared Difference" (MSD), and t-test. The differential item functioning was examined through the index of Draba (1977) and the Rasch method using the FACETS computer program (Linacre, 1994). It was found that overall, sit-ups scores in the cross-validation sample were accurately estimated, and little difference was found among equating methods. The linear equating produced the best results showing the smallest RMSD. It was also revealed that overall, differential item functioning of 3 different sit-ups tests was not found between genders. After equating, the test scores cross the tests can be interpreted on the same scale and therefore be directly compared.

체육측정평가 : 상체(上體) 근력(筋力) · 근지구력(筋持久力) 검사(檢査)의 난이도(難易度) : 문항반응리론(問項反應理論)의 적용(適用)

강상조(SangJoKang) 한국체육학회 1996 한국체육학회지 Vol.35 No.4

이 연구는 상체 근력·근지구력을 포괄적으로 측정한다는 입장에서 그동안 국가수준의 體力檢査에 가장 많이 등장하고 있는 변형턱걸이, 팔굽혀펴기, 윗몸일으키기 검사를 대상으로 Rasch Poisson Counts모형을 적용하여 問項難易度와 被驗者 能力母數를 추정함으로써 피험자의 근력·근지구력을 효과적으로 측정할 수 있는 검사를 규명하였다. 이 연구의 對象은 대도시와 중소도시 소재 고등학교·대학교에 재학중인 남녀 학생으로서 턱걸이, 윗몸일으키기, 팔굽혀펴기를 시행해 본 경험을 가진 226명이다. 선정된 3개 검사별로 상이한 距離와 높이에 의해 형식을 달리한 9개 하위검사의 실시순서는 변형턱걸이(1), 팔굽혀펴기(2), 윗몸일으키기(3) 검사를 平衡設計(counter-balanced design)에 의해 3개 집단 [1-2-3, 2-3-1, 3-1-2]으로 분류한 후 피험자를 이들 3개 집단에 배정하였다. 그리고 선정된 각 검사로부터 下位檢査의 선정은 無選的 方法을 택하였다. 수집된 자료는 성별, 각급 학교별, 검사유형별 등과 같은 多局面的 資料의 분석을 위해 설계된 FACETS와 MASI 프로그램을 이용하여 문항난이도와 피험자의 能力母數(ability parameter)가 추정되었다. 그리고 FACETS 프로그램에 포함된 세가지 Rasch모형중 Poisson Counts 모형이 적용되었다. 추정결과 9개 검사의 問項難易度는 -3.469에서 -2.072까지의 비교적 좁은 범위를 보였다. 가장 쉬운 검사문항은 「30cm 높이의 검사대에서 윗몸일으키기 (-3.469)」검사이며 가장 어려운 검사문항은 전통적으로 사용해온 「변형턱걸이 (-2.072)」검사로 나타났다. The present study was attempted to estimate the difficulty of various tests designed to measure strength and endurance of the upper body, such as modified pull-ups, push-ups, and sit-ups tests using the Poisson Counts Model as one of Rasch Models. 9 subtests specified from the three different muscular endurance tests under three conditions were administered to 226 subjects selected from students in physical education classes at a large urban high school and university.FACETS (Linacre, 1994) and MASI (Spray, 1990) programs were used to estimate both item difficulty and examine ability parameters. The selected all tests were thought to vary in difficulty based on clinical observations. Item difficulty was defined by the Poisson Counts model as the difficulty of step 1, where the difficulty of a step represented the difficulty of completing a pull-up, push-up, or sit-up. The collected data were analyzed for overall calibration, comparison of group, and examination of the model-data fit. The difficulty values of the tests ranged from -3.47 to -2.07. The hardiest test was the modified pull-ups test and the easiest test was the sit-ups test executed with 30cm height slide board. Most tests had good model-data fit values. The results demonstrated that a variety of upper body muscular strength. endurance tests can provide a range of difficulties and variety in forming a muscular endurance test bank.

체육측정평가 : 체조 연기력 판정의 객관성 : 다국면 Rasch 모형의 적용

강상조(SangJoKang),안애정(AeJungAnn) 한국체육학회 1999 한국체육학회지 Vol.38 No.2

이 연구는 1998년 전국소년체육대회 체조경기 자료를 기초로 심판판정의 嚴格性과 一貫性 정도를 분석함으로써 심판의 판정오차를 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해 전국소년체육대회 체조의 第1競技(competition 1: 자유연기) 에 출전한 중학교 여자선수 52명을 대상으로 4개 종목(도마, 평행봉, 평균대, 마루운동) 별로 각각 4명의 심판이 판정한 점수를 분석에 이용하였다. 수집된 심판의 판정점수는 4局面 Rasch 部分點數模型(partial credit model) 을 적용하였으며 분석에 이용된 통계프로그램은 Linacre(1994) 가 개발한 FACETS Version 2.0 이다. 모형에 대한 資料의 適合度(model-data fit)는 내적합(infit) 지수와 외적합(outfit) 지수를 이용하여 검증하였다. 분석결과 審判들의 嚴格性 정도간에는 차이가 있으나 一貫性있는 판정을 하고 있다. 또한 難易度에 의하면 이단평행봉과 마루운동 종목이 가장 어렵고 도마 종목이 가장 쉬운 것으로 나타났다. 審判과 體操種目들을 동일 척도 상에서 분석(calibration)한 결과에 의하면 도마를 심사한 심판 2, 3, 1, 4는 관대하게 판정한 반면, 이단평행봉을 심사한 심판 7, 5, 6, 8은 엄격하게 판정하고 있다. 심판이 판정한 原點數와 심판의 엄격성 정도를 조정한 點數(logit 점수)간의 상관에 의하면 비록 그 차이는 극히 적다고 할지라도 동일한 경기력을 가진 선수가 상이한 판정을 받고있는 것으로 확인되었다. 多局面 Rasch 모형의 적용은 심판판정의 공정성을 통계적으로 확보하고 심판의 判定樣式을 확인하며 재훈련이 필요한 심판을 선정하는데 필요한 정보를 제공해 줄 수 있다. Many forms of assessment in sport setting rely heavily on multiple raters or judges. Gymnastics uses the trim mean system for determining winners. However, the system can be influenced by the rater`s severity and inconsistency unlike the gymnastic ability measures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the errors of judgement by examining the level of judge`s severity and inconsistency using the many-faceted Rasch measurement model on the data from the gymnastic events at the 1998 National Youth Sport Competition. The data consisted of four judges` ratings of 52 women`s gymnasts on each of four events(Vault, Parallel bars, Balance beam, and Floor exercise). The many-faceted Rasch measurement model was used to calibrate the judges` scores, and 3 facets - judge, event, and athlete`s performance were defined. Judges` severity and inconsistency were examined. Results suggest that there were significant differences(p <.05) among the levels of judges` severities and among the difficulty levels of events, but they consistently judged the performances of the gymnasts. It was found that the most difficult events were parallel bar, floor exercise, balance beam, and vault in order. The many-faceted Rasch measurement model demonstrates a psychometrically appropriate technique for informing the fairness of the judges` rating scores and for selecting the judges necessary for retraining.

자연과학편 : 한ㆍ일 간 건강관련체력의 노화시점 및 노화계수의 비교

강상조(SangJoKang) 한국체육학회 2007 한국체육학회지 Vol.46 No.1

이 연구는 한ㆍ일간 건강관련체력에 대한 노화시점과 노화계수를 추정하여 비교하는데 목적이 있다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해 양국의 국가통계치와 학술지 및 학위논문 등에서 수집된 자료를 이용하여 확률적 모의실험 방법인 몬테칼로 모의실험을 수행하였다. 전체 2,282,112회의 반복을 통하여 모의실험자료(pseudo data)를 생성하였다. 한국과 일본의 국가통계치를 통해 생성된 자료는 검사시기별로 상이한 특성을 가질 수 있기 때문에 Tomkinson 등(2003)의 연구에서 제안한 방법으로 2004년 자료를 기준으로 검사를 동등화하였다. 연구결과 남자가 여자보다 그리고 한국인이 일본인보다 연령 증가에 따른 건강관련체력의 노화속도는 빠른 것으로 나타났다. The prevalence of older population is growing rapidly and indeed is the fastest growing segment of entire population. Based on the national statistics in Korea, the proportion of older population was 7.2% in 2000, and the number is projected to double (i.e., 14%) in the year of 2018. The one of the major public health problems in older population is a decreasing health related physical fitness(HRPF) level, yet little is known about the aging curve on the HRPF. The purpose of this study is to estimate thresholds of aging on the HRPF in Korean and Japanese. The data (i.e., means and standard deviations for each age from 7 to 65 years old) were collected from over 60 published research articles and national statistics between 1988 and 2005 in Korea and Japan. Based on the collected means and standard deviations, a total of 2,282,112 pseudo data were generated using random number generator in MS-Excel software, and equated into a 2004 test score. A distance max (Dmax) approach (Cheng et al., 1992) was used to determine a HRPF aging threshold. Pearson correlation coefficients and rate of change based regression coefficient were calculated by SPSS for Windows, and the significant level was set at .05. The results showed that aged around eighteen in both male and female was designated as the HRPF aging thresholds using Dmax Approach. The Pearson correlation coefficients between HRPF and age were positive and negative from below and above the threshold (i.e., aged 18), respectively.

체육측정평가학 : 운동선수의 체중비 추정을 위한 BMI 지수의 적절성

강상조(SangJoKang),박재현(JaeHyeonPark),김미예(MiYeKim) 한국체육학회 2005 한국체육학회지 Vol.44 No.2

Body weight adjusted for height is often used in exercise science and epidemiological studies to determine overweight and obesity of individuals and groups. Such measures being widely used are simple ratio index (SRI: weight/height) and BMI (weight (kg)/height2 (m)). Recent evidence, however, suggests that use of SRI and BMI is quite likely to penalize shorter individuals, because SRI and BMI have positively significant correlations with height. Log linear modelling (LLM: allometric modelling) has been introduced in the field of exercise science as one of techniques that can be used to create an index of weight properly adjusted for by height. The present study was to develop LLM index, which is free of the confounding effect of height in college-age combat sport athletes. Subjects for this study were 212 college-age combat sport athletes (Taekwondo n=55, Judo n=52, Boxing n=46, and Wrestling n=59) and 76 racket ball athletes selected for comparison purpose from Seoul and Kyunggi area. Total 33 variables (9 skinfolds, 10 girths, 6 breadths, 6 lengths, and height and weight) were measured by the four level 3 anthropometrists based on International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment prepared by International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS PC+ and window10.0. Pearson r and regression analysis, and analysis of covariance for examining a homogeneity of regression were computed for comparisons among the different combat sport and racket ball events. Moderate but statistically significant positive correlations were observed between BMI and height in each combat sport event, ranging from .372 to .411. The result confirmed that BMI penalized shorter combat sport athletes. LLM was applied to the total sample with a separate analysis for each combat sport event. The resulting height exponents was a=2.863±.297 for Taekwondo, 2.870±.266 for Judo, 3.078±.362 for Boxing, and 2.961±.290 for Wrestling events. This suggested that only one height exponent (WtHt-2.728) could be determined for scaling of weight regardless of combat sport events.

자연과학편 : 심장혈관 건강 Module의 개발과 평가

강상조(SangJoKang),이규성(KyuSungLee),권봉안(BongAnKwun) 한국체육학회 1989 한국체육학회지 Vol.28 No.1

This study was to aim at analyzing and verifying the results derived from the developed "Heart Health Module", after the needs assessment which dealt with the investigation of knowledge, altitudes, and practices pertaining to cardiovascular disease. There were 189 subjects for the study selected from seoul and local areas in Korea.The study employed Solomon-Four-Group design in order to analyze the data statistically and resulted in the following finding:1. The group exposed to the module demonstrated significantly higher cardiovascular knowledge scores than those in the control group.2. The group exposed to the module had positively higher scores in cardiovascular attitudes than those in the control group.3. The group treated with the module showed positively higher scores than those in the control group.

인문 · 사회과학편 : 체육계대학(體育系大學)의 입시전형방법(入試銓衡方法)의 개선방안(改善方案)

강상조(SangJoKang),이광섭(KwangSubLee),김창곤(ChangKonKim) 한국체육학회 1991 한국체육학회지 Vol.30 No.1

This study was undertaken to explore the improvement strategy for college entrance examination in physical education areas. In this study the relevancy of proceedings of physical fitness test battery, sports skill test, and other factors related to the college entrance examination of physical education areas, were discussed and analyzed. The implications of the study are as follows ;1. In rating scale for sports skill test, criterion score determining of basic ability level is serious problem. This result was discussed in terms of the theoritical and pratical study in criterion score.1. On the principle of evaluation, physical fitness test battery items, scoring norm, test protocol must be informed.1. In terms of the enhancement of test reliability, physical fitness subtest sequence, inter-test time interval, test instrument must be standardized.1. On the principle of evaluation, sports skill test items, scoring norm, evaluation objects, test protocol must be informed.1. In terms of the enhancement of test objectivity, number of rater in sports skill test must be constructed by more than 5.1. Indirect college entrance examination by personal history of prize of sports competition must be rearranged to be applicable with performing by themselves in sports skill.1. In terms of the enhancement of test objectivity in sports skill test, rating scale must be rearranged to be applicable with objectively skill test by develped task analysis approach.

자연과학편 : 학생체력검사(學生體力檢査)의 평가방법(評價方法) 개선방향(改善方向)

강상조(SangJoKang) 한국체육학회 1993 한국체육학회지 Vol.32 No.2

The present study was attempted to develop criterion-referenced standard(CRS) of Health-Related Physical Fitness Tests currently used and to test the validities of the developed CRS. With respect to the measurement of youth physical fitness, the study was to first overview the various methods of CRS development, secondly to select the health-related criterion measures of the selected subtests through an appropriated method and procedure, and lastly to investigate the criterion measure which could be most validly applied to Korean youth.The 1193 boy and girl subjects were selected from elementary, middle, and high school. The selected health-related physical fitness subtests were 1600m run and walk test for measuring cardiovascular endurance, sit and reach test for measuring flexibility, sit-ups test for measuring muscular strength and endurance, and skinfold thickness test for measuring body composition. The criterion measures of the selected subjects were physical activity(active vs nonactive), blood pressure(high vs normal), degree of CHD risk factor existence(high vs low), existence of CHD risk factor(yes vs no), and body fat(fat vs normal). Classification of outcome probability(C) and phi(Φ) coefficient for estimating validity in a criterion-referenced evaluation were applied to the data, and Berk’s method was used in establishing an optimal cutoff score. The C coefficients were ranged from .90 to .60 and Φ coefficients showed lower than .40.

자연과학편 : 오래달리기 검사(檢査)의 신뢰도(信賴度) 추정(推定)

문현선(HyunSunMoon),강상조(SangJoKang),박영환(YoungHwanPark) 한국체육학회 1995 한국체육학회지 Vol.34 No.1

The present study was to verify the difference of the test-retest reliability between criterion-referenced standard test and norm referenced standard test applied to the three different long distance running(800m, 1200m, and 1600m) tests by sex and grade. In order to accomplish this purpose, the study selected 208 male and 241 female students in grade 1, 2, and 3 from middle school as subjects. The trial order was based on counterbalanced design. The experimental design of the study was 2 × 3 × 2 × 3(sex × grades × trials × test methods) ANOVA repeated measure design.The study suggested that long-distance running test was reliable subtest for evaluating students` physical fitness. The results were as follows :1. Long-distance running test was more suitable measure for the men than the women, and for the high grade than the low grade in terms of norm referenced standards but long-distance running test was not suitable measure for the both sex in terms of criterion-referenced standards, therefore this study was ahead of investigating more validity on long-distance running tests related to establishment of cutoff score.2. 1600m run was the most reliable test for evaluating physical fitness among long-distance running test(800m, 1200m and 1600m) regardless sex and grade. In the case of grade 3,800m run was the highest coefficient among 800m, 1200m, and 1600m in the reliablity of norm-referenced standards but there was not statistically significant difference among 800m, 1200m and 1600m run. It was concluded that 1600m run was utilized as the most reliable test for evaluating; physical fitness in middle school.