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马驰(Ma Chi) 한국문화융합학회 2019 문화와 융합 Vol.41 No.1
150년을 거치면셔 그룬트비의 자유학교는 덴마트 교육제도의 중요한 요소가 되었다. 모든 성인은 자유학교로 돌아가 자기가 좋아하는 과목을 선택하여 재교육을 받을 수 있다. 모든 성인은 자신의 인생단계에서 거기에 맞는 과목을 선택하여 자유학교에서 자신의 개인이 원하는 취미를 추구할 수 있다. 자유학교는 후세에게 교육이념과 교육제도 설계에서 수많은 참신한 이념을 제시하였다. 사회에서 무지한 농어민도 평생교육을 받을 수 있는 제도의 건립이 필요하다. 꼭 우수한 전문적 지식의 추구만이 아니라 인성에 주안점을 두고 개인의 취미를 배양하며 교사의 역할도 지식의 주입이 아니라 학생의 노력을 격려해 주고 칭찬해 주는 역할이 되어야 한다. One hundred and fifty years after the first of the folk high schools (FHS) was started by N. F. S. Grundtvig, they are today an important part of the Danish education system. Any adult can join an FHS, choose a subject of his/her choice and become a student. Moreover, an adult can choose different subjects at different stages of his/her life to develop his/her interests. The FHS has been providing enlightenment to generations of students in the field of education. Every society requires a system of lifelong education to educate its underprevileged classes, such as fishermen and farmers. Such lifelong education and learning does not necessarily encourage the pursuit of excellence in the chosen subject;rather, it aims to cultivate humanity and develop the personal interests of an individual. In an FHS, a teacher does not aim to inculcate something, but to encourage and celebrate a student s endeavors. 经过150年的演变, 格伦特维的“乡村高中”已经成为丹麦教育制度的一个重要组成部分。 任何成年人都可以回到“乡村高中”, 选择自己喜好的科目, 接受再教育。 任何成年人, 都可以在人生的不同阶段选择不同的科目, 通过“乡村高中”追求个人兴趣爱好。 “乡村高中”为后人在教育理念和教育制度设计上提出诸多崭新的理念。 社会需要建立终身教育制度, 让乡村无知的渔民和农民有机会受到终身教育。 不一定需要追求专业卓越, 而应该着力于人性, 致力于培养个人兴趣爱好。 教师的角色也不是灌输, 而是鼓励和颂扬学生们的努力。
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马驰 ( Ma Chi ) 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2020 문화와 세계 Vol.1 No.1
儒学是中国传统文化的重要组成部分。儒学中核心的内涵之一是封建宗法制度。封建宗法制度最根本特点, 就是人与人之间的等级关系。在宗法伦理潜移默化的作用下, 中国乃至儒家化的东方社会非常重人情, 讲关系, 裙带之风盛行, “在家靠父母, 出门靠朋友”, 升学、就业要找熟人;做生意、办公司要找熟人;打官司也要找熟人。人情大于王法, 宗法伦理中浓烈的血缘关系溶化了冷冰冰的法律规则, 溶化了人类普遍的、抽象的公平、正义、理性。执法中的地方保护主义, 常见于各种场合的老乡派系, 都不过是宗法伦理的放大与外化。不要怪我们的律师把打官司变成了“打关系”, 而是宗法伦理这张大网实在太坚韧, 太大了, 无人能逃避。在人情大于王法, 重血缘轻规则的宗法社会, 依法办事, 维护正义与公平, 反而会视为不通人情, 视为大逆不道, 不能为世俗社会所容忍。显然, 封建宗法制度与人类现代文明格格不入的。儒学在几千年的发展、演进中内容十分复杂, 其中确有许多思想, 如勤劳节俭、诚敬、诚信、崇尚教育、廉洁勤政、仁爱、和、天人合一思想等等值得现代公民社会借鉴, 但其中的负面影响不容低估, 更需要引起今人警惕。 其负面作用更是不容低估。 封建宗法制度影响了中国现代化的进程, 也与人类现代文明格格不入, 其负面作用不可低估。 Clan system featuring hierarchical relations among people is the cornerstone of Confucianism which is an important part of traditional Chinese culture. The zongfa-based kinship outweighs and even replaces laws, destroying universal justice, righteousness, and rationality in human society. The local protectionism in law enforcement and factions of fellow-townsmen fully reflect zongfa ethics. Unavoidable Zongfa ethics force lawyers to enter lawsuits with connections in mind. In a zongfabased society where kinship outstrips laws, abiding by laws and safeguarding righteousness and justice will be assumed heinous and unacceptable. Therefore, feudal zongfa system is incompatible with modern civilization and its negative impact cannot be minimized. Clan system hinders China’s modernization and is incompatible with modern civilization of the human race. Many Chinese and foreign scholars rest their hopes of propelling China’s modernization on Confucianism in the belief that Confucianism can shape an Eastern-style modern civilization. So, is Confucianism really able to fulfill such historical mission? With thousand years of complicated evolution, Confucianism has so many enlightening ideas beneficial to modern civil society such as diligence, frugality, sincerity, honesty, benevolence, harmony, education advocation, clean government and unity of heaven and man. But the negative impact of Confucianism cannot be underestimated and is worthy of vigilance. Its negative impact cannot be underestimated.
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马驰 ( Ma Chi ) 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2023 문화와 세계 Vol.4 No.1
Fei Xiaotong put forward the important concept of the Chinese nation as a pluralistic and integrated pattern in The pattern of pluralistic and integrated Chinese nation. Along Fei Xiaotong's theoretical path, it is not difficult to see that three thousand years ago, in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, there appeared a core of the convergence and gradual integration of several ethnic groups, known as Huaxia, which is growing like a snowball, absorbing the surrounding ethnic groups into this core. After possessing the East Asian Plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River, it is referred to as the Han ethnic group by other ethnic groups. The Han ethnic group continues to absorb the elements of other ethnic groups and grow stronger, and infiltrates into the settlement areas of other ethnic groups, forming a network that plays a cohesive and connecting role, laying the foundation for an indivisible unity formed by the union of multiple ethnic groups within this territory, forming a free ethnic entity that is known as the Chinese nation through national consciousness. The relocation of the Lu Hunrong tribe to Yiluo is a historical witness.
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