제7차 교육과정 지리교과 내용구성에 관한 제언

서찬기 대한지리학회 1997 대한지리학회보 Vol.- No.54

韓國農業에 있어서 土地生産力의 分布와 그 要因

徐贊基 慶北大學校 1975 論文集 Vol.20 No.-

In this study an attempt is made to clarify the spatial variation and the factors of land productivity in Korean agriculture. The results of 1960 Agriculrtual Census by City and Gun was used as the basic data for this study. The land productivity was measured by the coefficient of land productivity as a relative value to national mean value, l.O. The spatial variation of land productivity was examined through mapping, modelling and point pattern analysis. To find the factor of the spatial variation of land productivity, correlation analysis between 11 expected independent variables and land productivity was attempted. Through the above procedures the findings were as follows. (1) Although the spatial variation of land productivity is not so conspicuous (C.V.=0.160) and the result of point pattern analysis indicates the regular pattern of spatial distribution there can be recognized the existence of transitional concentric circular zones of land productivity arranged from north to south. (2) But no Thu¨nen type zonation or no functional relation culd be found. These are due largely to the underdevelopement of commercial agriculture, predominance of rice culture and standardization of farming practices, especially in rice farming, through the whole country. (3) Landform (altitude), employment labors, chemical fertilizers, ratio of paddy field, variety of crops and water irrigation was selected as the factors of spatial variation of land productivity. Especially ratio of paddy field, in other words, farming system is expected to be the most important factor since in general large part of the land productivity of a region is composed of that of rice and larger the weight of rice in crop production of a region higher the land productivity of the region. In conclusion the mechanism of factors that controll the spatial variation of land productivity in Korean agriculture would seems as the following diagram. Environment (Landform) → Weight of rice culture → Labor and capital input → Land Productivity

장기반도 沿岸漁村의 地理學的 硏究

徐贊基,朴泰和 慶北大學校 師範大學 1984 敎育硏究誌 Vol.26 No.-

The study area is at edge of Janggi peninsular in the east coast of South Korea. This research puts purposes explain characteristics of a coastal fishing village, for which the formation, development and social character of the fishing village, and its fishing management are accounted. Data are collected from various sources including interviews, questionnaires, field works and official publications Major findings; (1) The fishing village is located on the rocky coastal terraces. Being coastal mountains near to the coast, and cultivable flat land is not enough but fishing grounds are in the favorable front sea. (2) At the beginning the land had been used for goverment managed ranch grazing horses until mid of Yi dynasty. Sinse Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592, refugees of the war from Yungnam province settled in the terrace and engaged in agriculture and fishery. After that immigrants have been increased, the village spreaded to the coast, densely distributed on flat and narrow costal terraces along shore, fishing became the most important role in the regional. industries. The development as a fishing village reached the peak in 1930's at the time of sardine. (3) Characteristics of the fishery 1) Fishery of the village are decreasing in housholds and outputs; that are, 57% of total household engaged in fisheries. Of them, 22percent full time, 48-percent part time and 48percent occupy wage workers 2) Small scale fishing management is dominant, 3) Classification of fishermen is not distinguished. How even, stratification between self management and wage workers are discernable. 4) Gathering shell-fish and sea weeds became important role in fishing industry. 5) Age structure of fisherman became older and older. (4) Social characteristics compared to a agricultural villages are; 1) Age structure of fishery population is decrease in 5 years later than farm village. 2) Age structure fishery is relatively higher rate in 20-30 age group than, farm village 3) Fishing village is relatively higher income and living standard than farm-village 4) Fishing village is relatively less propensity to keep feudalistic or conventional idea than farm village 5) Relatively matrimony area is more narrow In conclusion characteristics of the fishing village are defined by the type or the functional nature of fishery. Coastal fishery is the most prevailing in the region. Consequently this region can be classified into the coastal fishing village. This coastal fishery in the village still remains relatively at low stage of the development in commercial fishery. Less development of small scale-self mangement is due mainly to five factors.

中學校 外國 地理學習을 爲한 適正地名의 硏究

徐贊基 慶北大學校 1965 論文集 Vol.9 No.-

It is necessary for geography teachers to choose and teach the important place names from the present texts of foreign geography for junior high school, because these texts are in the tendency of containing too much place names in them. But the teachers are in difficulties in teaching students, not only they do not know the optimum numbers of place names, but also they don't know which the important Place names are. This thesis is a study for the solution to these problems. 1. First: After the examination of all the present texts in use, the list of the average rate of frequency was made. (There are 13 kinds of geography texts.) Second: The questionnaire was sent to the geography teachers who are serving in 500 junior high Schools, and the written opinions necessary to decide the optimum numbers of place names could be synthesized. 2. These results showed that about 500 place names are necessary for the students to learn from the texts in junior high school. 3. These about 500 place names were classified into 3 classes: A class, B class, C class. From these classes, 316 place names contained in A and B class are called basic place names. 4. The analytical study was given to the about 500 place names selected as the optimum numbers, in the order of frequency and claass and kind in their structure.

韓國農業의 地域集中과 地域構造의 變化 : 1960-80

徐贊基 慶北大學校 師範大學 1988 敎育硏究誌 Vol.30 No.-

The rapid economic growth since the 1960's has impacted on the spatial variations of Korean agriculture. This study puts the purpose to find the secular trends of the spatial variations of Korean agriculture between 1960 and 1980. Macro spatial analyses such as analyses of regional concentration and specialization, and modified shift-share analysis were adopted as method of the study, and the materials of 1960, 1970, and 1980 agricultural censuses are made use of the analytical data based on Si and Goon as areal units. The main findings are as follows. (1) As economic growth continues there is a trend of strengthening the regional concentration and specialization of food crops, while cash crops, that of regional dispersions. (2) It is not so difficult to find the tendency that greater the range of fluctuation in crop demand, greater the degree of spatial variations of the crops. (3) Location stress resulted from the transition from the subsistence to commercial agriculture is solved mainly by retreating of marginal area. (4) Development of commercial agriculture accelerates the regional differentiation of agriculture. In regionalization, the regions specialized are dominant than regions diversified in crop production and most regions adjust their areal crop production system to the variations of the national market demand of crops. (5) Spatial responses of agriculture to the impacts of economic growth are most sensitive in the periphery region of Seoul, largest agricultural market in Korea, and in turn dry-field farming regions occupying mountainous areas, paddy-field farming regions located mainly in major plains. (6) As economic growth continues the spatial patterns of Korean agriculture are rearranging from the homogeneous "belt-like pattern" defined mainly by physical conditions toward the functional "circle-like pattern" regulated by economic principle. (7) In the process of destroying the traditional spatial pattern and reformulating commercialized spatial pattern, the roles of agricultural policy, physical conditions, and traffic distance from the large agricultural market are very significant. Especially the last variable induced uneven development among regions. The more access to Seoul market economic influences are more prevail, the more distant to Seoul market physical influences are more prevail. (8) No nationally unified spatial system similar to Thu¨nen's isolated state but periphery region of Seoul is appeared apparently yet since not only short history of commercialized agriculture but also rice production, benefited by goverement protection and no locational competitions exist, occupy largest share of crop production both in planted area and production quantity. (9) In conclusion the spatial variations of Korean agriculture now reflect transitional characteristics of subsistence and commercialized societies. This suggests the effective applicability of not only neo-classic agricultural location theory but also contradictory theories such as Brinkmann-Chisholm theory and Schultz's counterargument in explanation of the spatial variations of Korean agriculture.

韓國, 日本, 臺灣의 高等學校 地理 學習槪念의 比較分析

徐贊基,李相仙 慶北大學校 師範大學 地理敎育科 1995 地理敎育 Vol.8 No.-

The concepts of learing, as a means of knowledge by which the facts could be organized and explained or interpreted are constitute of the base of learnings. But in high school geography education in Korea, no studies of geographic concepts has been attempted that given rise to serious problems and difficulties for many geography teachers and learners about the definition, nature and structures of geographic concepts. This study puts the purpose to clarify the characteristics of concept learning of high school geography in Korea through the comparative analysis of concept compositions of geography text books of Korea, Japan and Taiwan. 26 text books of systematic and regional geography for the previous and new (existing) curriculum were prepared and through the process of the making thorough examination of the 26 text books geographic concepts were screened subjectively and classified into 5 patterns. In these procedure the major findings are as follws. (1) In the number of geographic concepts, Korea characterized as first ranking nation among above three nations(or regions). Learning of numerous concepts imposed to the learner burdensome task and inevitably fall into cramming tradition of geography education. (2) Geographic concepts could be classified into 5 patterns ; base, major, specific, new, and obsolete concepts. In terms of the compositions of concept patterns, Korea is given relatively small weight to the base and major concepts as a common and consequently most important concepts in the three nations. As the result it also given first rank to Korea in number of specific concepts. In positive effect this specialized structures of concepts offers the opportunities of deep and professional studies of geography but in really the negative effects such as unresonable and burdensome task are might occur commonly. (3) It is not surprising that physical concepts occupy 45% of the totals, the weight of which is smaller than that that of Taiwan(52%) but larger than that of Japan(38%). But what was worse is the discernable of weight increasing trend of physical concepts even in new concepts reflecting recent geography. It is not desirable since geography in high school is a part of social studies and physical concept centerd learng is no more than the remnants of the prewar tradition in geography. In conclusion, it is apparent that the learning of geographic concepts is so essential part of geography education that there are many problems as much as its importance. In this point it is necessary to urgent having interest and studying for problem solving by the administrators of education, geographical societies, professors of geography, text book writers and high school geography teachers.

韓國에 있어서의 道路交通의 變動에 關한 地理學的 硏究

徐贊基,韓柱成 慶北大學校 1978 論文集 Vol.25-26 No.-

In this thesis an attempt puts to grasp the spatial variation of the road density, the factors of the road density variation, to clarify a spatial regularity and a regional structure of the road network. A statistical Yearbooks of 1960 and 1970 by each province(Do) were used as basic data. And city(Shi) and county(Gun) were taken for unit area. The spatial variation of the road density in 1960 and 1970 were studied through the linear, quadratic, cubic, and quartic equation of trend-surface analysis. While among the 9 variables which would be expected to affect the road density, 4 factors of the spatial variation were selected through the correlation analysis. By these 4 variables a multiple regression equation was constructed for the model of road density variation. And the residuals from the regression were calculated and the distribution of anomaly was studied to estimate the significance of the local factors. Finally, to study a regional structure of the network each regional connectivity and the connection of a regional traffic was analysed through the graph theory, and accessibility and dispersion were measured by shortest-path matrix. Through the above procedure the findings were as follows: (1) The Southwestern part of the Jeonra Bug Do appeared the peak of the trend-surface in the road density in 1960. The Honam region including the Chungcheong Nam Do is characterized by the road intensive area, the Central region, the road extensive area, the Yungnam region, transitional area in 1960. (2) Over the whole country in 1960' the road development is continued, and the road density in 1970 about 10% than that of 1960. From 1960 to 1970 the peak area of trendsurface of road density moved from the Southwestern part of the Jeonra Bug Do to the Southeastern part of Gyeongsang Bug Do, and the Southern Korea could keep a balance of road density among the Honam and the Yungnam regions. This balance suggests the eastward road diffusion in 1960-1970. On the other hand the regional structure is changed into the Yungnam region as a road intensive, the Central region, road extensive, the Honam region including the Chungcheong Nam Do, the transitional area. (3) The basic factors of spatial variation of the road density in Korea are degree of land slope, population density, surplus of rice and distance from the urban center of the tributary area. And these 4 factors expains 75% of the spatial variation of the road density in Korea of which degree of land slope is the most important factor. The spatial variation of road density in Korea could explain by gravity model and landform condition basically, though in reality the factors are more complicated than the other countries. Finally the road system of Korea reflects centralized administrative system which the regional connectivity is low, the centralization is high.

韓國都市의 商業機能과 그 變化 : 都賣業의 境遇 a case of Wholesaling

徐贊基,朴泰和 慶北大學校 師範大學 1983 敎育硏究誌 Vol.25 No.-

Rapid economic development in 1970s in Korea brings reorganization of regional economic structure of Korea and there have been great variations in commercial functions of cities. This study puts purposes on to clarify the characteristics and their variations of the spatial and rank-size distributions and commercial functions of Cities with wholesale agglomerations in 1970s. The annual sales of 1971 and 1979 by cities are for data in order to analyze the wholesale agglomeration of cities. The findings are as follows Ⅰ. Spatial variations of whloesale agglomeration (1) The national wholesale agglomeration concentrates eighty percent on the Seoul-Pusan urban zone, especially Seoul and Pusan, which includes less than a quarter of Korean cities. (2) Regional differentiation of wholesale agglomeration has been widen toward the end of 1970s. This fact results from speeding up wholesale agglomeration in Seoul, the primate city of Korea, despite declining of many local centers. It shows a tend that the nearer to Seoul is the more rapid decrease in agglomeration rate than any other cities. (3) It proves that high correlation lies in between the size of wholesale agglomeration and that of population of any city, and the gravity theory or potential model can explain a little for the variations. Ⅱ. Rank-Size distribution (1) The rank-size distributions of wholesale agglomeration of cities indicates that a regularity or rule exists between the distribution of rank and size of cities, especially at the end of 70s. But this is not so similar with rank-size pattern as primate pattern (2) Most cities has experienced the variation of rank-size order during the period but no fundamental variation is occured as a whole. Ⅲ. Characteristic and Commercial Functions (1) The number of cities specialized in wholesale function in relation to the population size reaches 40% of total cities in the early period, but it decreases 20% in later period in spite of considerable increase of annual sales between 1971-79. (2) The average ratio of annual sales of wholesaling to that of retailing is 83%, and the dominant cities in wholesaling to retail trade come to 13 cities in 1971, but the ratio decreases to 64% and no city dominant in wholesaling is found in 1979. (3) The characteristics of the wholesale function of cities in a relation to population and retail trade changes from relatively complex structure in early 70s to the simpler structure in later 70s. In conclusion, the regional wholesale structure in 1970s is greatly changed and reorganized, the progress of reorganization of the regional structure accelerate agglomeration of wholesale function in large cities, especially Seoul, and decreasing that of many local cities implie to progress toward primate pattern rather than rank-size pattern. The facts result from the rapid economic development in an accompany with industrialization, innovation of transportation and improvement of distribution structure^in 1970s. The variations could be effectively explained by Myrdal's principle of circular and cumulative causation model, Friedmann's or Berry's theory: that is, the lognormal distribution in developing countries, as economic development is proceeds, strengthens the primate pattern in early stage, but shows gradually the rank-size pattern in final stage.

旅客移動의 空間的 相互作用에 關한 硏究 : 高速道路의 境遇 A case of expressway traffic

徐贊基,韓柱成 慶北大學校 師範大學 1979 敎育硏究誌 Vol.21 No.-

In this thesis an attempt puts to clarify the spatial structure of the passenger movement on express traffic in Korea. For this purpose ranking and it's structure of nodes and routes, passenger movement model and flow pattern are analysed or builded. In the analysis interaction model, point pattern analysis method, combination analysis method and graph theory are adopted, and 1976 Traffic Statistical Yearbook and the Reports of National Association of Express Traffic Service are used for study data. In this study nodes mean interchanges or cities in which expressway are concentrated. Major findings are as follows: (1) The spatial arrangement of the nodes could express for random pattern which could explain by probability. (2) The traffic areas divided into Capital and Taeback, Busan, Daejeon and Daegu area. (3) While the interrelation between rank and number or length of traffic road is negative, that between rank and flow is positive. And the farther distance from the Capital is, the lower rank of the traffic road is. (4) The basic factors of the spatial interaction on the passenger movement are the product of the population size of origin and destination cities and travel time. And these two factors explain 70% of the spatial variation of the passenger movement. Therefore the passenger movement in Korea could explain considerable proportion effectively by the interaction model, and the elasticity of distance is-0.6797. (5) The functional points of the passenger movement as the terminal centers of traffic flow are the Capital and Busan which are two the largest cities in Korea. Especially among above two functional points former has the largest flow and accessibility. Finally it could difficult to find conspicuously the effect of distance decay function in Korea since relatively small spatial size of the nation.

農業地域 區分의 接近方法과 基本規準의 硏究

徐贊基 慶北大學校 師範大學 1969 敎育硏究誌 Vol.10 No.-

In the division of agricultural regions there may be various approaches according to their dividing objects. But when it put the object only on the division of "general agricultral regions" in geography proper, though there are many kinds of approaches, the valid approach which can represents the true features of the regional agriculture must be only one, and not two or more. Thus it can not agreeable that, in the division of general agricultural riegions same region may be subdivided into the fundamentary different results. If such agricultural negions were divided they are no more than special agricultural regions which reflect only single feature of the regional agriculture and not represent general and fundamental characteristics of it. Therefore, in the division of general agricultural regions it necessary to find out any one (comparatively) valid approach and basic criteria. Finally it is desirable that each agricultural region must be compared at the wide viewpoint of the world, thus each rank (in regional hierarchy) of agricultural regions can be "aggregation-subdivision" on the basis of these basic criteria. through the study on the several appraches taken by the many geographers and land economists it became that the approach by farm management is the most valid and effective method since it represents the structure of the regional agriculture, at the same time, it harmonizes both the homogeneous and functional aspects of the region. On the other hand through the analysis of the precedent studies attempted by the 27 geographers and landeconomists, and the analysis of the elements of both farm management and agricultural regions, the system, intensity, scale and object of farm management are selected as the basic criteria for division of (general) agricultural regions. Consequently if every dividers apply these basic criteria to the division of agricultural regions in geography proper the results in the same region shall be able to appear as the same pattern. Thus it may be expected that today's confusion in the division of agricultural regions should be solved.