中國傳統思想이 朝鮮朝 女性敎育에 미친 影響

宣君星,黃鍾東,朴洪培 대구효성가톨릭대학교 사회과학연구소 1975 女性問題硏究 Vol.4 No.-

中國의 傳統思想은 儒敎思想을 말한다. 이 儒敎思想은 階層的이고 差別的인 實踐道德을 重視한다. 이같은 道德의 理論的 根據를 周易의 陰陽論에서 찾아볼수있다. 그것은 陰陽의 二大根元에서 人倫關係를 밝혔기 때문이다. 여기에서 上下尊卑를 嚴別하는 階層的인 倫理觀, 家庭中心의 道德이 確立되었다. 이것은 다시 理를 重視하는 朱子學에서 明分化되어 ① 人間精神의 崇高, ② 人間性의 순수한 사랑, ③ 사랑은 理의 眞實態인 誠과 敬으로서 持續된다는것이 强調되었다. 이래서 儒敎에서 規定한 女性觀은 ① 階層的 差別觀에 立脚한 女卑, ② 名分, 義理에 立脚한 女性의 純粹性(貞節), 이라는 것이 確立되었다. 이러한 女性觀은 더욱 朱子家訓에 依해 <誠> <敬> <義>의 精神으로 敎育되었다. 朝鮮朝 女人은 이러한 傳統的인 儒敎思想에 立脚해서 敎育되었다. 그것은 女性敎育의 定立期를 通해서 正風俗을 名目으로 爲政者에 依해 女性의 行動을 規制하기에 이르렀고 完成期에 와서는 一夫從事의 婦道의 동마를 通해 推進되었다. By traditional philosophy in China, we mean Confucian ideas, which attach great importance to practical morals. These morals, practical in character, are regarded to make a distinction between classes and sexes. The theoretical basis of such morals can be found in the principle of Yin(陰) and Yang(陽) expounded in Chou-i(周易). According to this principle, the human ethics and morality are elucidated by two (dual) great sources, negative and positive, namely, Yin and Yang. There was thus established a morality which discriminated between "high and low, noble and mean" on the one hand and gave importance to family life on the other hand. This morality, in turn, became to clearly define men's moral obligations owing to the development of Chu-tzu Hsu¨eh(朱子學). The latter science upheld the cause of Li(理) above all things. By this way emphasis was placed, in the moral conduct thus established, on the following three causes: firstly, the sublime of human spirit; secondly, the pure love of humanity, that is, Jen(仁); and thirdly, that this love could be supported and maintained by Ch'eng(誠) and Ching(敬), the true actualized forms of love. Consequently, the Confucian view of womanhood put a stress on treating women as inferiors to men according to its philosophy distinctive of classes and sexes, as well as on the purity of womankind in view of their moral obligations and loyalty. Such a concept of femininity was greatly reinforced by the teaching of Chu-tzu Chia-hsu¨n(朱子家訓), and women were brought up with the ideas of Ch'eng(誠), Ching(敬) and I(義). The womankind in the Yi Dynasty was educated based on the traditional Confucian philosophy mentioned above. During the development phase of women's education in the Yi Dynasty, the conduct of women was regulated and controlled by political rulers in order to cultivate right womanly manners; and during its completion phase, the loyalty to one husband and the duty of womanhood were upheld to their highest degrees.

중세초 교회와 교황제 성립에 관한 연구 : From the End of the Roman Empire to the Death of Theoderic

趙源弘,宣君星 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1995 연구논문집 Vol.51 No.1

This article is to provide us, from the points of ecclesiastical, political and legal history, with the initial aspect of the growth of the Roman Catholic church and the establishment of the Pope's supremacy over all the Christians who lived in the west of Roman Empire, from the end of the Roman civilization to the death of Theoderic(456?∼526), the king of the East-Goths. In the wake of its development the Roman Catholic Church had troubled with so many differentied religious sects and heresies such as Manicheans, Monophysists and Nestorians etc. And also the supreme authority of the pope, which was accepted from the most devout christian believers as the utmost important spiritual power to lead to the eternal 'kingdom of God' by encouraging them to live up to the sacramental and gospel life and by preserving the christian "pure" beliefs, had faced with the strong objections from the four Metropolitans or Patriarchs, especially from the Patriarch of Constantinople. In fact the pope's supremacy originated from the gospel, the Matt : 16∼18, saying that "You(=Petrus) are the rock with which I(=Jesus Christ) can build my church on earth. Therefore I will give you the power(or authority) to fasten or loosen them in the Heaven according as the sinners are fastening or loosening in the Earth." People has often called such a Christian gospel as the doctrine of "Key To The Heaven." Nowadays, therefore, the popes of the Roman Catholic Church are legitimately considered as an heir to the St. Peter's apostolate and the Vicar of Jesus Christ in the earth. The supreme powers of emperors and popes as well in the Middle Ages had respectively owned their areas of jurisdiction and as a result formed the unique phenomenum like the relation of state and church, which had influenced on the ecclesiastical, political and legal lifes during the middle ages. And henceforth many European historians has named such a dual style in the constitutional and ecclesiastical life in the Middle Ages of Europe as the "Dual Monarchy" or "Two-Swords-Theory(=Zwei Schwerterlehre)." However, this admitted dual monarchial system during the Middle Ages had been surmounted by the advent of the modern, secular political and legal thoughts as the theory of monarchal sovereignty and the "reason of state"(=raison d'Etat), and by the outbreak of the Reformation and the religious wars in the early-modern Europe. In conclusion, we can say that the initial aspect of the Roman Catholic Church and its advocacy of the supremacy of the Roman bishops(=the Popes) from the and of the Roman Empire onwards was formed with difficulties, and that in this first stage of development of the Roman church such an unique phenomenum as the alleged relation of the state and the church was being in germ and later the dual constitutional life of secular and spiritual one would be made.

韓國의 風土學的 基礎와 文化的 意義 : 韓國人의 自然觀을 中心으로 With respect to susceptability of Koreans to nature

宣君星 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1966 연구논문집 Vol.1966 No.1

Korean people, loving justice and equality of all men, have originally been conscientious in judging things and generous in understaning others. They try to keep their own unique culture, yet to have friendly relations with surrounding nations. They like to commune sensibly with nature. The cultural uniqueness of Korea is most probably originated in the suscetability of her people to nature. After all we must therefore acknowledge the influence of nature in Korea as a cause of the fact that her people have intimate relation to nature. Korea has her own culture, nature, and people that have been through her long history. As much as her people have been historically influenced by the geographiccal features of Korea, the character of her culture has been that much influenced also.

19世紀 後半 美國 Populism의 性格에 對한 一考

宣君星,兪京濬 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1981 연구논문집 Vol.23 No.2

十九世紀 美國에 있어서의 民衆層의 擡頭 : The Movement from Jeffersonian to Jacksonian Democracy Jeffersonian Dscmocracy 에서 Jacksonian Democracy 에 이르는 推移를 中心으로

宣君星 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1969 연구논문집 Vol.4 No.1

로마帝國의 그리스도敎化

宣君星 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1973 연구논문집 Vol.12 No.1

16世紀 Renaissance期의 스페인의 政治思想 : Vitoria, De Soto,Suarez, and Molina Vitoria,De Soto,Suarez,그리고 Molina를 중심으로

宣君星 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1988 연구논문집 Vol.37 No.1

Francisco de Vitoria, domingo do Soto, Luis de Molina, and Francisco Surarez were the typical Spanish scholastics of the 16th Century . The first two theologicians belonged to Dominic Order and taught their theology at Salamanca university, while the latter two appertained to Jesuit Society. They all exerted possible efforts to revive the Thomist theology against the attacks of nominalism and Renaissance humanism of that time. As aresult Luis de Molina wrote a book entitled Concordantia 1598 which represented the Spanish Schoolmen's theological idea of harmony of God's grace and human free will. And in political thoughts, they also strived to render the Christian ethics sustainable by means of natural law theory in the advent of secularism and raison d'Etat theory as seen in Machiavelli's Il Principe that was famous for its immorality and statism. The 16th Centruy-Spanish natural law theory-that was called 'a natural system of ethics' by Bernice Hamilton owing to its independence of divine positive law or God's revelation -had an interim characteristics because the keynote of this theory shifte from natural law to natural rights under the joint influence of nominalism and reformation laying emphasis on the individual man. The Spanish natural law theory of 16th Century and the ius gentium theory from Vitoria to Suarez in particular had a great effect to Hugo Grotius' international law theory. In this respect we can perceive fully the importance of the 16th Century-Spanish scholastics' natural law and their political and legal theories as a whole.

英國産業革命史小考

宣君星 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1970 연구논문집 Vol.6 No.1

St. Ignatius와 예수會의 成立

宣君星 대구효성가톨릭대학교 교육연구소 1986 가톨릭敎育硏究 Vol.1 No.-

교회의 대분열 이후 가톨릭교회는 르네상스 휴머니즘과 결부된 세속화의 대조화 앞에서, 교회의 근본적 정신을 지키는 한편 새로운 자본주의적 근대세계의 사회적 급변 앞에 능동적으로 대처하기 위해서 신중한 변화를 모색하지 않을 수 없었다. 이런 상황에서 교회의 개혁을 추구하고 가톨릭교회 정신의 순수성을 유지하려는 많은 단체들이 등장하였으며, Capuchins수도회, Theatine수도회, Ursuline수녀회 등이 그 대표적인 보기가 된다. 그중에서 가장 탁월한 업적을 남겼던 교단은 Ignatius Loyola의 주도로 성립된 예수회(Society of Jesus)였다. 예수회는 그 당시의 가톨릭교회쇄신을 주도한 새로운 조직의 단체로서, 가톨릭정신을 재확립하고 정통교리를 재확인 하였던 Trend공의회의 정신을 가장 성실하게 실천하였던 단체였다. 그 과정을 통해서 예수회는 과거 중세시대의 소외한 내세관에서 벗어나, 현실적 인간의 개성을 중시하며 실천적 종교생활을 긍정적으로 인식한 교단으로 인정받게 되었다. 이러한 가톨릭교회쇄신은 본래부터 용어상의 많은 논란이 있어왔다. 이것은 분명히 프로테스탄트개혁의 영향을 받기는 하였으나, 그것에 대하여 반동적으로 나타난 통칭 반동종교개혁은 결코 아니다. 가톨릭교회는 초기부터 중세시대를 거쳐 개혁과 쇄신의 부단한 일기혁신의 노력을 해왔다. 따라서 가톨릭교쇠사를 역사적 맥락에서 이해할 때 이러한 움직임을 반동이란 측면으로만 설명하는 것은 교회사의 큰 흐름을 일면만 보는 것이 된다. 이러한 인식을 전제로 하여 16세기에 성립된 예수회의 활동상을, 교회 자체뿐만 아니라 근대사회 전반에 끼친 영향을 고려하여 볼 때, 당시에 진행되던 지리상의 발견과 이에 따른 서구세계의 영향력의 확대와 밀접한 연관을 가지게 됨으로써, 세계사적 의의를 내포하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 이런점을 염두에 두고서 본고는 16세기의 교회쇄신에 큰 역할을 담당하였던 예수회의 성립과정과, 헌장과 정신적 수련에서 나타난 St. Ignatius의 정신이 예수회 조직에 반영된 방식과, 그 정신을 계승한 예수회원들의 그리스도교적 정신과 활동의 본질을 파악하고자 한다. 그리고 매우 독특하였던 탓으로 많은 논란의 대상이 되었던 정신적 수련의 목적과 활동상의 특징을 파악함으로써, 예수회의 기본정신이 교회의 어떤 정신에 근거하며 전체 가톨릭교회에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는가를 규명하려는 것이다. 이것은 세속화가 진행되고 점차 경제와 정치 우위의 근대사회가 모습을 드러내던 때에, 종교를 우위에 두고 군인정신에 근거하여 활동한 예수회가, 형성과정에 있던 시민사회의 형성과 어떤 관계를 가지는가를 알기 위해 예수회의 교육 및 선교활동의 실상과 본질적 성격을 추적해 나가는 것이 될 것이다.

Monroe Doctrine의 成立과 그 時代的 背景

宣君星 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1972 연구논문집 Vol.10 No.1