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      • Endobronchial Dilatation and Mitomycin-C in Post Tuberculosis Bronchial Stenosis

        ( Wong Soo Fen ),( Sangeta Vadivelu ),( Jamalul Azizi Abdul Rahaman ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2021 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.129 No.-

        Background Endobronchial stenosis post pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) posts a significant morbidity. It needs high suspicion as some patients may only be symptomatic months after completed antitubercolous treatment (ATT). We report a case of post TB tracheobronchial stenosis with successful endobronchial balloon dilatation (EBD). Case Report 22-year-old lady with smear positive PTB in 2018, completed 6 months of standard ATT. A few months later, she started to have intermittent cough and wheezing. She had multiple visits to healthcare facilities but was treated as asthma. CXR showed trachea deviated to right and right middle lobe collapse. CECT thorax showed tapering of distal trachea 1.9cm from carina with smallest diameter 0.5cm; marked luminal narrowing of proximal right main bronchus (RMB) about 1.4cm in length, 0.3cm in diameter. Total collapsed of right middle lobe. PTB workout was negative. We performed rigid bronchoscopy under general anaesthesia. Mid trachea was distorted with fibrotic band at lateral wall and stenotic 6mm in diameter. RMB was severely stenotic. Serial RMB dilatation performed with CRE balloon until 10mm. Mitomycin C 0.4mg/ml was applied over mid trachea and RMB. All distal secretion aspirated. Post procedure, her CXR showed resolved RML collapse and trachea back to normal position. She was discharged well the following day. Conclusion Endobronchial balloon dilatation (EBD) is a less invasive but effective method and reduce the need for surgical intervention.

      • Haemorrhage Post Biopsy of a Bronchial Carcinoid

        ( Sangeta Vadivelu ),( Kho Sze Shyang ),( Wong Soo Fen ),( Jamalul Azizi Abdul Rahaman ),( Mona Zaria Nasaruddin ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2021 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.129 No.-

        Background Bronchial carcinoid tumours are rare, indolent, malignant neuroendocrine tumours derived from Kulchitsky cells and are not related to smoking. As these tumours can be asymptomatic or present with non specific symptoms, a high index of suspicion is essential to make an early diagnosis which determines the prognosis. Surgery is curative and remains the mainstay of treatment. Case presentation A 41-year-old female with no Background medical illness first presented with a spontaneous left sided pneumothorax requiring a chest tube insertion. High-resolution CT (HRCT) thorax detected an incidental solitary pulmonary nodule. Bronchoscopy revealed a smooth round tumour sitting at the ostium of the basal right lower lobe bronchus. Endobronchial biopsy was complicated with massive bleeding requiring emergency exploration via rigid bronchoscopy. Multiple attempts to secure haemostasis using Watanabe spigot and argon plasma coagulation failed. She was intubated with a double lumen tube to isolate the healthy left lung. An urgent CT pulmonary angiogram (CTA) was performed to look for collaterals and feasibility of embolization, but no collaterals were seen. She was then referred to the cardiothoracic surgeon for an emergency right lobectomy. Histopathological examination revealed typical carcinoid tumour. She was discharged from the hospital in a stable condition. Discussion Bronchial carcinoids embryologically originate from the foregut and patients rarely present with features suggestive of carcinoid syndrome and crisis. Mostly are asymptomatic resulting in late presentation and diagnosis. Majority of the typical carcinoids are centrally located and may present with obstructive symptoms and recurrent pneumonia. Bronchoscopists may face massive bleeding following endobronchial biopsy in bronchial carcinoids. Conclusion Massive bleeding after endobronchial biopsy can occur and therefore the bronchoscopist should have anaesthesia, interventional radiology, and cardiothoracic support to handle this complication. Using tumour markers may obviate the need for biopsy in typical bronchial carcinoids to prevent massive bleeding after endobronchial biopsy.

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