유교 이념의 현대적 성찰과 전망

이동준 서울대학교 종교문제연구소 1997 종교와 문화 Vol.0 No.3

치적 맥락에서만 찾으려고 하므로, 실제로 불교 내적인 창의적 의지나 방향성을 소외시키는 잘못된 불교사 이해를 초래케 하는 경우를 가져오고 있다. 따라서 앞으로의 한국불교사 연구는 이러한 양면에 치우치지 않는 균형 있는 접근이 되어야 할 것이다. 한편 인도 불교사나 중국불교사의 연구는 초보적 단계에 머물러 있다고 보아야 할 것이다. Ⅲ 불교학의 연구는 크게 다음의 다섯 가지 측면으로 나누어 볼 수 있을 것이다. 첫째, 경전의 해석과 이해. 둘째, 교설에 의한 세계와 인생에 대한 해석. 셋째, 인접학문과의 공동 연구. 넷째, 원전을 통한 접근. 다섯째, 한국 불교학의 정립. 이렇게 몇 가지 분야로 나누어 불교학 연구의 경향을 고려한다면 어느 것 하나도 만족스럽다고 하기 어렵다. 먼저 경전의 해석과 이해라는 측면에서 볼 때 불교 경전의 전반에 걸친 검증이나 연구가 전혀 이루어지지 않고 있다. 특별히 중국 불교의 영향을 크게 받고 있는 몇몇 경전들, 예를 들면 금강경, 법화경, 화엄경 등이 중점적 연구의 대상이 되었다. 그렇다고 하여 이외의 경전에 대한 연구가 전혀 없었다는 의미는 아니다. 또 경전을 연구함에 있어서 중국 주석 학자들의 견해에 지나친 비중을 두는 경향도 없지 않았다. 이러던 경향이 근래에 와서는 경향이 근래에 와서는 일본 학자들의 해석에 의존함으로써, 독자적인 경전 해석과 이해를 위축시키는 결과를 가져왔다. 그러나 바림직한 현상으로는 원전 연구의 폭이 점점 넓어지고 있다는 점이다. 이제 한국의 불교학계에서도 팔리어나 산스크리트의 원전 연구와 함께 티벳어 경전에 대해서도 그 연구가 착수되고 있다. 이러한 연구 태도는 한역 경전에만 의존하던 불교학 시대에서 한 단계 전비된 연구 태도라고 보아야 할 것이다. 그러나 시정해야 하고 더 노력하지 않으면 안 될 것은 세계와 인간에 대해 그 어떤 방향을 제시하는 일이다. 불교학은 엄밀히 말해서 종교학과는 다르다. 불교학은 불교를 학문의 대상으로 삼고 있으나 불교의 진리성을 논리적으로 뒷받침해 주는 역할도 함께 해야 한다. 이런 점에서 볼 때, 불교학 연구가 그 역할을 다하지 못하고 있는 느낌이다. 따라서 불교학 연구는 인근 학문과의 연계 연구가 불가피할 것이며, 이같은 연계가 이루어지지 않고는 그 설득력이나 이해의 폭이 좁아질 수밖에 없을 것이다. 예를 들면 사회학이나 심리학 또는 철학의 측면에서 함께 연구되어야 독선이나 편견에서 벗어날 수 있을 것이다. 불교는 모든 인간이 불성을 가졌으며, 또 모든 사람이 다 깨달음을 이루어 부처가 될 수 있다고 가르친다. 그렇다면 이같은 불교의 궁극적 이상을 달성하기 위해서는 인간은 무엇이며, 또 불성이란 무엇을 의미하며, 깨달음이란 구체적으로 무엇을 가리키는 것인가를 밝히는 데에 보다 깊은 관심을 기울어야 할 것이다. 그러나 그간의 불교학의 접근은 이러한 근본 문제에 대한 접근보다는 그 방법이나 절차의 문제에 더 많은 관심을 가진 것 같다. 예를 들어 돈오돈수냐 돈오점수냐라는 논쟁이 그렇고, 선이 우위냐 교가 우위냐, 아니면 선교는 하나인가 하는 문제가 그렇다. 또 선 수행에 있어서도 과연 간화선수행은 최선의 방법인가, 이 방법이 최선의 수행 방법이라면 그 이유는 무엇인가라는 질문에 대해 대답을 찾아야 할 것이다. 이 같은 맥락에서 미래의 불교학 연구는 궁극적이고 본질적인 문제에 대한 접근과 함께, 예감되고 있는 인류사회의 제반 현실에 대해서 그 어떤 확신을 주어야 할 것이다.

『毆選鐵絲琴字譜』와 『遊藝志』中 '洋琴字譜'의 比較硏究

李東福 경북대학교 1987 論文集 Vol.43 No.-

The Kurach'o˘lsa ku˘mjabo (yanggu˘m handbook) was manuscripted around 1839 by Kyukyo˘ng Yi (1800-?) whose pseudonym was Paekkyu and minor name was Oju or Soun. This handbook is the only book of the manuscripted 21 leaves (42pages). This handbook is the source material for Korean dulcimer (yanggu˘m), and it is preserved in the Karam collection of the Seoul National University Library (card number: Karam Ko. 787. Y55g). Kurach'o˘lsa ku˘mjabo is consist of two parts. The first half of the book explains about yanggu˘m and the seccond half of the book shows the music score of yanggu˘m. The first half of the book gives the general concept about yanggu˘m and the second half of the book shows the music score of yanggu˘m. The first part is divided into nine chapters; 1. ch'angnae, 2. yulmyo˘ng, 3. chajjo˘m, 4. u˘iyongp'ija, 5. chehyo˘ng, 6. changgi, 7. kobbo˘p, 8. ku˘mmyo˘ng, 9. cho˘n'go. The chapter Ⅰ, shows the historical background, and performance practice of yanggu˘m, chapter Ⅱ, twelve tone system of yanggu˘m and principle tonal system of Korean music, chapter Ⅲ, the arrangement of tones, notational practice, chapter Ⅳ, the introduction of western music signature, chapter Ⅴ, the material of instrument, the partial name of instrument, and the manufactual method, chapter Ⅵ, the care of instrument, chapter Ⅶ, the performing method, chapter Ⅷ, the explanation about the inscription on the instrument, and chapter Ⅸ, the discussion about music by Che-ga Pak and Wo˘n-hang T'ang (Chinese musician) in Peking. The second half of this handbook, which contains Yo˘ngsan hoesang (includes tae, chung, so, chep'yo˘n, hwanip, hahyo˘n hwanip), kyemyo˘njo chohyo˘n, ujo chohyo˘n, kagok taeyo˘p and sijo, is the important source material for the study of Korean traditional music. These pieces were noted with yulchabo. The notation of this handbook has the same symbol of modern notation, but the actual pitch is different. Yanggu˘m chabo of Yuyeji (yanggu˘m handbook) was manuscripted approximately in 1830-1845 by Yu-gu so˘ (1764-1845), whose pseudonym Chunp'yo˘ng and minor name was P'ungso˘k. This handbook is the source materical for Korean dulcimer, and it is preserved at Kyu-janggak collection of the Seoul National University Library(Card Number: Kyu 0160-28), Koryo˘ University Library, and Osaka citizen's Library in Japan. Yanggu˘m chabo of Yuyeji consists of two parts, too. The first part of this book explains yanggu˘m instrument and the second part shows its music score of yanggu˘m. But there is no chapter Ⅰ, Ⅴ, Ⅵ, Ⅶ, Ⅷ, in yanggu˘m chabo of Yuyeji.

『園客遺韻』에 관한 硏究

李東福 慶北大學校 1988 論文集 Vol.46 No.-

The manuscript of the wo˘'ge˘k yu-un (ko˘mun'go handbook) was writtem around the time of king Kojong(1864∼1896) by Wo˘'ge˘k. (Wo˘'ge˘k is the author's pseduonym). This handbook which has leaves(94 pages) is the only one of its kind. It contains the source material for ko˘mun'go (six stringed zither), and is preserved the karam collection of the Seoul National University Libary(card number: Karam ko 781. 751. 49(314542). It includes 37 pieces the yanggu˘m (Korean dulcimer). Amongest the ko˘mun'go Pieces the following can be found which have two versions: ponyo˘ngsan(also called sangyongsan),chungyo˘ongsan, seryo˘ngsan, karak hwanip(also called karak to˘ri ),sanghyo˘n hwanip (also called sanghyo˘n todu˘ri). yo˘mbul (also called yo˘mbul todu˘ri), kunak, sehwanip, and kyemyo˘n hwanip(also called kymyo˘n karak todu˘ri) the following only have one version: hahyo˘n hwanip(also called hahyo˘n todu˘ri) ,t'aryo˘ng, kwo˘nmaso˘ng, kunak 2nd movement, he˘t'an, ku˘lkyetori (also called ku˘lgye todu˘ri), ujo karak hwanip(also called ujo karak todu˘ri), ponhwanip (also called mihwanip), millak (also called yo˘millak) p'yo˘llak, p'yo˘n (also called p'yo˘nsakde˘yop,ujo ch'osakde˘yo^˘p, yisak(also yisakde˘yo˘p),ujung(also called ujo chunggo˘), tansakde˘yo˘p, samsakde˘yop, soyong, and panyo˘p. The piece for the yanggu˘m(Korean dulcimer) is called so˘gu˘m t'aryo˘ng. They are important source material for the study of Korean traditional music. The handbook contains not only ko˘mun'go(six stinged zither) solmization but also yanggu˘m(Korean dulcimer) solmization(yukbo). In some of the pieces the changgo notation appears. This is a symbolic notation for the changgo which is an hour-glass shaped drum.

「海山遺音」에 關한 硏究

李東福 慶北大學校 1986 論文集 Vol.41 No.-

The Ku˘mbo, alfo Haesanyuu˘m (Ko˘mun'go handbook), was manuscripted by U-kwo˘n Kim (pseudonym; O-san) and was revised by Ch'ung-ho Im (pseudonym; Hae-u˘n). This handbook might have been manuscripted on March 26th, 1919 and might have been compiled on September 9th, 1919 of the lunar callendar. The author speculates that the name of Haesan was probably made up of the first part of the reviser's pseudonym(Hae) and the second part of the manuscripter's pseudonym (sow). This handbook, which contains Ponyo˘ngsan(also called Sangnyo˘ngsan), Chungyo˘ngsan, Seryo˘ngsan, Karakdari(also called Karakdo˘ri), Sanghyo˘nhwanip, Haso˘nghwanip(also called Hahyo˘nhwanip), Yo˘ngbul(also called Yo˘mbul), T'alyo˘ng(also called T'aryo˘ng), Kunak and Sehwanip, is an important source material for the study of Korean traditional music. The handbook contains not only Ko˘mun'go(six stringed zither) solmization but also Yanggu˘m(Korean dulcimer) solmization(Yukbo) notations.

NGS 데이터를 기반으로 한 PGPR의 기능에 대한 분자생물학적 접근

황보경, 박상익, 김기윤, 사동민, 이이 忠北大學校 農業科學硏究所 2017 農業科學硏究 Vol.33 No.1

There are numerous nutrients, including essential elements, in the soil. Nevertheless, most of the nutrients that exist in the soil are not suitable for the growth of plants. Therefore, in agriculture, chemical fertilizers have been widely used for the increasing of crop production from long time ago. As a result, soil nutrient has been over accumulated, environment was polluted and pathogens gained resistance. As a solution about these problems, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) could be used for the promotion of plant growth instead of chemicals. Recently, numerous studies on microbial plant growth promoting (PGP) characters were conducted based on molecular biology like genome sequencing by next generation sequencing (NGS) technique. In this review, we discuss PGP characters about nitrogen fixation, solubilizing/mineralizing phosphorus, production of siderophore, degradation of ethylene and biosynthesis of IAA and cytokinin at gene level and predict the essential set of genes for the PGPR function.

A new proof of the affine isoperimetric inequality for Orlicz mean zonoids

Tong-Yi Ma 장전수학회 2017 Proceedings of the Jangjeon mathematical society Vol.20 No.3

The Orlicz mean zonoid is defined by Guo, Leng and Du, and establish an affine isoperimetric inequality for it. Using shadow systems, we provide a new proof of the affine isoperimetric inequality for the Orlicz mean zonoids.

Biosynthesis of 2,3-BDO from Starch in the Lysate of E. coli

Yi TONG,Hye Jin LIM,Kyung-Ho LEE,Dong-Myung KIM 한국생물공학회 2017 한국생물공학회 학술대회 Vol.2017 No.10

EXTREMUM PROPERTIES OF DUAL Lp-CENTROID BODY AND Lp-JOHN ELLIPSOID

Tong-Yi Ma 대한수학회 2012 대한수학회보 Vol.49 No.3

For 0 < p ≤ ∞ and a convex body K in Rⁿ, Lutwak, Yang and Zhang dened the concept of dual Lp-centroid body T-pK and Lp- John ellipsoid EpK. In this paper, we prove the following two results:(i) For any origin-symmetric convex body K, there exist an ellipsoid E and a parallelotope P such that for 1 ≤ p ≤ 2 and 0 < q ∞,EqE ⊇ Γ-pK ⊇ (ncn-2p)-1/p EqP and V(E) = V(K) = V(P);For 2 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and 0 < q ≤ ∞,2-1 ωn1/n EqE ⊆ Γ-pK ⊆ 2ωn-1/n (ncn-2,p)-1/p EqP and V(E) = V(K) = V(P). (ii) For any convex body K whose John point is at the origin, there exists a simplex T such that for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and 0 < q ≤ ∞,an(ncn-2,p)-1/p EqT ⊇ Γ-pK ⊇ (ncn-2,p)-1/p EqT and V(K) = V(T). For 0 < p ≤ ∞ and a convex body K in Rⁿ, Lutwak, Yang and Zhang dened the concept of dual Lp-centroid body T-pK and Lp- John ellipsoid EpK. In this paper, we prove the following two results:(i) For any origin-symmetric convex body K, there exist an ellipsoid E and a parallelotope P such that for 1 ≤ p ≤ 2 and 0 < q ∞,EqE ⊇ Γ-pK ⊇ (ncn-2p)-1/p EqP and V(E) = V(K) = V(P);For 2 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and 0 < q ≤ ∞,2-1 ωn1/n EqE ⊆ Γ-pK ⊆ 2ωn-1/n (ncn-2,p)-1/p EqP and V(E) = V(K) = V(P). (ii) For any convex body K whose John point is at the origin, there exists a simplex T such that for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and 0 < q ≤ ∞,an(ncn-2,p)-1/p EqT ⊇ Γ-pK ⊇ (ncn-2,p)-1/p EqT and V(K) = V(T).

Synthesis of (R,R)-2,3-butanediol from starch in a hybrid cell-free reaction system

Yi, Tong,Lim, Hye Jin,Lee, So Jeong,Lee, Kyung-Ho,Kim, Dong-Myung THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING 2018 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY -S Vol.67 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this study, we demonstrate the conversion of starch to (R,R)-2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) in a hybrid cell-free synthesis system containing a mixture of lysates derived from <I>Escherichia coli</I> (<I>E. coli</I>) and cyanobacteria. A sufficient pool of pyruvate required for the synthesis of 2,3-BD was generated by combining metabolic pathways of cyanobacteria and <I>E. coli.</I> Successful synthesis of 2,3-BD was achieved by additional modifications of the hybrid cell-free system with the enzymes required to convert pyruvate to 2,3-BD. The results demonstrate a new approach to harness biological pathways to expand the scope of cell-free metabolic engineering by cross-species combinations of cell lysates.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

On the Application of Information Entropy-based Multi-attribute Decision in UML Class Diagram Metrics

Tong Yi 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of u- and e- Service, Scienc Vol.8 No.6

The research, development and applications of software measurement have been carried out for more than forty years. Many researchers have done much in it, obtained lots of theoretical results, and developed a series of practical applications. At present, with the rapid development of object-oriented technology used in software theories and application, how to measure software in an effectively and scientifically way is becoming a hot and difficult issue. Class diagram as the most important UML model, its reasonable design has a remarkable effect on the ultimate system. This paper applies information entropy-based multi-attribute decision in UML class diagram metrics, providing a method to measure UML class diagram complexity weights. Its attributes out of information entropy and attributes’ weigh vectors can measure the complexity of object-oriented software effectively and scientifically. Besides, case analysis can prove this metric’s usability. The more precise experiment outcome has proved that the method is connected to human’s experience, and also can be applied to improve software quality.