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Return Migration in Regional Innovation Systems
Sternberg, Rolf,Muller, Claudia The Korean Society for Technology Manageme and Eco 2005 Journal of Technology Innovation Vol.13 No.2
This study aims to explore and understand the role of return migrants in the regional innovation system of a transition economy (China) by analyzing the activities of returning entrepreneurs in two emerging high-tech industries in Shanghai. The empirical analysis is based on in-depth interviews with founders of high-tech companies and experts in Shanghai. The results of the analysis reveal that return migrants are a significant factor for the Shanghai innovation system, which is presently in a transition from a former manufacturing site to a metropolitan region comprising a range of industries (including high-tech) and services. First of all, return migrants are important for the Shanghai RIS in terms of numbers. Second, they engage in activities in the medium range of high-tech which reflects prevailing weaknesses of the framework conditions for innovation in Shanghai. However, due to their international background, returning entrepreneurs are able to overcome these weaknesses, and thus contribute to the development of high-tech industries in Shanghai and to a reduction of the technological lock-in.
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( Christoph J. Bolten ),( Elmar Heinzle ),( Rolf Muller ),( Christoph Wittmann ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2009 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.19 No.1
In the present work, the metabolic network of primary metabolism of the slow-growing myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum was reconstructed from the annotated genome sequence of the type strain So ce56. During growth on glucose as the carbon source and asparagine as the nitrogen source, So ce56 showed a very low growth rate of 0.23 d-1, equivalent to a doubling time of 3 days. Based on a complete stoichiometric and isotopomer model of the central metabolism, 13C metabolic flux analysis was carried out for growth with glucose as carbon and asparagine as nitrogen sources. Normalized to the uptake flux for glucose (100%), cells recruited glycolysis (51%) and the pentose phosphate pathway (48%) as major catabolic pathways. The Entner-Doudoroff pathway and glyoxylate shunt were not active. A high flux through the TCA cycle (118%) enabled a strong formation of ATP, but cells revealed a rather low yield for biomass. Inspection of fluxes linked to energy metabolism revealed that S. cellulosum utilized only 10% of the ATP formed for growth, whereas 90% is required for maintenance. This explains the apparent discrepancy between the relatively low biomass yield and the high flux through the energy-delivering TCA cycle. The total flux of NADPH supply (216%) was higher than the demand for anabolism (156%), indicating additional reactions for balancing of NADPH. The cells further exhibited a highly active metabolic cycle, interconverting C3 and C4 metabolites of glycolysis and the TCA cycle. The present work provides the first insight into fluxes of the primary metabolism of myxobacteria, especially for future investigation on the supply of cofactors, building blocks, and energy in myxobacteria, producing natural compounds of biotechnological interest.
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