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- 저자 : ( Martin Shapiro ) (검색결과 5 건)
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Shapiro, Martin 梨花女子大學校 法學硏究所 2000 法學論集 Vol.5 No.1
유럽에서는 오랫동안 헌법이나 법률의 해석과 관련하여 두 가지의 입장(학파)이 존재해왔다. 하나는 그 헌법이나 법률 자구(字句)의 형식적 의미, 그 성문법전(成文法典)에 의해 형성된 법의 일반원칙들, 그리고 그 자구와 법의 일반원칙들로부터 나온 학설상·사법상(司法上)의 일반원칙들을 강조하는 입장이다. 이러한 접근은 종종 "형식주의적 접근(formal approach)"이라고도 불린다. 헌법이나 법률 해석에 관한 또 다른 하나의 입장은 그 헌법이나 법률이 제정된 목적들, 하나의 혹은 또 다른 하나의 해석이 그 목적에 가장 잘 부합하는 정도를 고려하려고 애쓴다. 이 입장은 종종 "목적합치적 혹은 목적론적 접근(purposive or teleological approach)"이라고 불려 진다.
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Judicial Interpretation and Social Science in the U.S.
Shapiro, Martin 건국대학교 법학연구소 2000 一鑑法學 Vol.5 No.-
In Europe there have long been two schools of thought about how to interpret statutes and constitutions. One stresses the formal meaning of the words, the general principles of law established by the codes and the general academic and judicial doctrines derived from those words and general principles. This approach s often called the formal approach. The other school of interpretation seeks to take into account the purposes for which the law was enacted and the extent to which one interpretation or another will best serve that purpose. This school is often called purposive or teleological.
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Sarzi, Marc,Shields, Joseph C.,Schawinski, Kevin,Jeong, Hyunjin,Shapiro, Kristen,Bacon, Roland,Bureau, Martin,Cappellari, Michele,Davies, Roger L.,Tim de Zeeuw, P.,Emsellem, Eric,Falcó,n-Barroso Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2010 Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Vol.402 No.4
<P>ABSTRACT</P><P>Following our study on the incidence, morphology and kinematics of the ionized gas in early-type galaxies, we now address the question of what is powering the observed nebular emission. To constrain the likely sources of gas excitation, we resort to a variety of ancillary data we draw from complementary information on the gas kinematics, stellar populations and galactic potential from the <SMALL>SAURON</SMALL> data, and use the <SMALL>SAURON</SMALL>-specific diagnostic diagram juxtaposing the [O <SMALL>III</SMALL>]λ5007/Hβ and [N <SMALL>I</SMALL>]λλ5197, 5200/Hβ line ratios. We find a tight correlation between the stellar surface brightness and the flux of the Hβ recombination line across our sample, which points to a diffuse and old stellar source as the main contributor of ionizing photons in early-type galaxies, with post-asymptotic giant branch (pAGB) stars being still the best candidate based on ionizing balance arguments. The role of AGN photoionization is confined to the central 2–3 arcsec of an handful of objects with radio or X-ray cores. OB-stars are the dominant source of photoionization in 10 per cent of the <SMALL>SAURON</SMALL> sample, whereas for another 10 per cent the intense and highly ionized emission is powered by the pAGB population associated to a recently formed stellar subcomponent. Fast shocks are not an important source of ionization for the diffuse nebular emission of early-type galaxies since the required shock velocities can hardly be attained in the potential of our sample galaxies. Finally, in the most massive and slowly or non-rotating galaxies in our sample, which can retain a massive X-ray halo, the finding of a spatial correlation between the hot and warm phases of the interstellar medium (ISM) suggests that the interaction with the hot ISM provides an additional source of ionization besides old ultraviolet-bright stars. This is also supported by a distinct pattern towards lower values of the [O <SMALL>III</SMALL>]/Hβ ratio. These results lead us to investigate the relative role of stellar and AGN photoionization in explaining the ionized gas emission observed in early-type galaxies by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). By simulating how our sample galaxies would appear if placed at further distance and targeted by the SDSS, we conclude that only in very few, if any, of the SDSS galaxies which display modest values for the equivalent width of the [O <SMALL>III</SMALL>] line (less than ∼2.4 Å) and low-ionization nuclear emission-line region like [O <SMALL>III</SMALL>]/Hβ values the nebular emission is truly powered by an AGN.</P>
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