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Культура как предмет научного познания, философского осмысления и художественного самоосознания
М.С. Каган 서울대학교 러시아연구소 1999 러시아연구 Vol.9 No.2
Dieser Aufsatz ist dem Problem des Erkenntnis der Kultur gewidmet. Drei Erkenntnisinstellungen sind hier zu unterscheiden : die Konkretwissen-schaftliche, die philosophische und die kunstlerishe. Die erste realisiert sich in der theoretischer und historischer Analyse von verschiedenen konkreten Kulturarten und Kulturformen - z.B. Dichtung, Malerei, Musik, verschiedene Wissenschaften, Sprache u.s.w.; die zweite - Kulturphilosophie - ist eine "angewandte Philosophie", das heisst eine Art von Erkenntnis der Kultur vom Standpunkt de Philosophie, von welhem sie untersucht die Kultur in ihrer Ganzheit - ihr Gehalt, ihre Gestalt, ihre Funktionen und Gesetze ihrer Entwicklung. Die Philosophie macht es herangehend zu der Kultur "von aussen", sie als eine Form vom Sein ansehend und in ihren Verhaltnissen mit Natur, mit Gesellschaft und mit dem Mensch, waerend die Kunst sihet die Kultur an "von innen", wie ihr Selbstbewusstsein. In ded Gesamtheit und Verhaltnissen von diese drei Arten vom Kultur-erkenntnis bekommt die Menschheit eine adequate Vorstellung von der Kultur.
Air–Liquid Interfacial Self-Assembly of Conjugated Block Copolymers into Ordered Nanowire Arrays
Cativo, Ma. Helen M.,Kim, David K.,Riggleman, Robert A.,Yager, Kevin G.,Nonnenmann, Stephen S.,Chao, Huikuan,Bonnell, Dawn A.,Black, Charles T.,Kagan, Cherie R.,Park, So-Jung American Chemical Society 2014 ACS NANO Vol.8 No.12
<P>The ability to control the molecular packing and nanoscale morphology of conjugated polymers is important for many of their applications. Here, we report the fabrication of well-ordered nanoarrays of conjugated polymers, based on the self-assembly of conjugated block copolymers at the air–liquid interface. We demonstrate that the self-assembly of poly(3-hexylthiophene)-<I>block</I>-poly(ethylene glycol) (P3HT-<I>b</I>-PEG) at the air–water interface leads to large-area free-standing films of well-aligned P3HT nanowires. Block copolymers with high P3HT contents (82–91%) formed well-ordered nanoarrays at the interface. The fluidic nature of the interface, block copolymer architecture, and rigid nature of P3HT were necessary for the formation of well-ordered nanostructures. The free-standing films formed at the interface can be readily transferred to arbitrary solid substrates. The P3HT-<I>b</I>-PEG films are integrated in field-effect transistors and show orders of magnitude higher charge carrier mobility than spin-cast films, demonstrating that the air–liquid interfacial self-assembly is an effective thin film fabrication tool for conjugated block copolymers.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/ancac3/2014/ancac3.2014.8.issue-12/nn505871b/production/images/medium/nn-2014-05871b_0007.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nn505871b'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Garbes, L.,Kim, K.,Riesz, A.,Hoyer-Kuhn, H.,Beleggia, F.,Bevot, A.,Kim, M.,Huh, Y.,Kweon, H.S.,Savarirayan, R.,Amor, D.,Kakadia, Purvi M.,Lindig, T.,Kagan, K.,Becker, J.,Boyadjiev, Simeon A.,Wollnik, University of Chicago Press [etc.] 2015 American journal of human genetics Vol.96 No.3
As a result of a whole-exome sequencing study, we report three mutant alleles in SEC24D, a gene encoding a component of the COPII complex involved in protein export from the ER: the truncating mutation c.613C>T (p.Gln205<SUP>*</SUP>) and the missense mutations c.3044C>T (p.Ser1015Phe, located in a cargo-binding pocket) and c.2933A>C (p.Gln978Pro, located in the gelsolin-like domain). Three individuals from two families affected by a similar skeletal phenotype were each compound heterozygous for two of these mutant alleles, with c.3044C>T being embedded in a 14 Mb founder haplotype shared by all three. The affected individuals were a 7-year-old boy with a phenotype most closely resembling Cole-Carpenter syndrome and two fetuses initially suspected to have a severe type of osteogenesis imperfecta. All three displayed a severely disturbed ossification of the skull and multiple fractures with prenatal onset. The 7-year-old boy had short stature and craniofacial malformations including macrocephaly, midface hypoplasia, micrognathia, frontal bossing, and down-slanting palpebral fissures. Electron and immunofluorescence microscopy of skin fibroblasts of this individual revealed that ER export of procollagen was inefficient and that ER tubules were dilated, faithfully reproducing the cellular phenotype of individuals with cranio-lentico-sutural dysplasia (CLSD). CLSD is caused by SEC23A mutations and displays a largely overlapping craniofacial phenotype, but it is not characterized by generalized bone fragility and presented with cataracts in the original family described. The cellular and morphological phenotypes we report are in concordance with the phenotypes described for the Sec24d-deficient fish mutants vbi (medaka) and bulldog (zebrafish).