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Income, Development, and Forms of Corruption
( Kentaro Maeda ),( Adam Ziegfeld ) 한국행정학회 2013 한국행정학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2013 No.-
While previous research shows that economic development reduces the level of corruption, the field has paid little attention to the variation in the form of corruption that prevails in rich and poor societies. In this paper, we distinguish petty corruption involving low-level bureaucrats and ordinary citizens from grand corruption involving high-level officials and businessmen. Using both aggregate and individual-level data, we show that petty corruption is pervasive in poor countries, whereas grand corruption is more salient in rich countries. Overall, we conclude that grand corruption is more resistant to the forces of economic development compared to petty corruption.