Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) Pods as a Feed Resource for Livestock - A Review -

Sawal, R.K.,Ratan, Ram,Yadav, S.B.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.5

Mesquite or Vilayati babul (Prosopis juliflora) is a drought resistant, evergreen, spiny tree with drooping branches and a deep laterally spreading root system. It grows in semi-arid and arid tracts of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world and is spreading because the leaves are unpalatable and animals do not digest its seed. The mesquite has become a major nuisance; cutting or pruning its branches to form a canopy would provide shade for travelers, aid harvesting of pods, as well as make available wood for fuel. An average plant starts fruiting by 3-4 years of age and yields annually 10-50 kg pods/ tree, which can be collected from May-June and September-October. Availability of pods worldwide is estimated to be about 2-4 million metric tonnes. Ripe pods are highly palatable; on dry matter basis they contain 12% crude protein, 15% free sugar, a moderate level of digestible crude protein (7% DCP) with a high level of energy (75% TDN). The pods contain low tannin levels below those toxic to animals. Seeds contain 31-37% protein; pods should be finely ground before feeding to facilitate utilization of the seeds. Mesquite pods could replace costlier feed ingredients such as grain and bran contributing 10-50% of the diet. Phosphorus supplements need to be added when mesquite pod, exceeds 20% of animals' diet.

Milk Yield and Its Fat Content as Affected by Dietary Factors: A-Rewiew

Sawal, R.K.,Kurar, C.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1998 Animal Bioscience Vol.11 No.3

Milk yield and its composition is governed by level of nutrition and the composition of diet. Higher concentrate input improves milk yield, whereas its input at moderate levels improves yield of milk fat. High level of dietary protein improves dry matter intake and milk production, however, CP content above 14% has less advantage. Milk yield is enhanced by the feeding of cottonseed and soyabean meal, whereas milk fat increases by the supplementation of cottonseed. Dietary fat increases energy intake, production of milk and milk fat. Quality and quantity of feeds consumed affect fermentation patterns in rumen. Among the rumen metabolites, volatile fatty acids (VFA) content and propionate proportion have been related positively with milk yield, whereas proportion of acetate and butyrate have been related positively with milk fat content. Dietary carbohydrates through the source of sugar, starch, roughage and fibre affect VFA concentration in rumen. Therefore, concentration of volatile fatty acids could be altered to the advantage of consumer through judicious manipulation of diet.

Statistical Optimization of Media for Dextran Production by Leuconostoc sp., Isolated from Fermented Idli Batter

Shaileshkumar D. Sawale,S. S. Lele 한국식품과학회 2010 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.19 No.2

Present study reports statistical media optimization for dextran production for lactic acid bacteria,isolated from Indian traditional fermented idli batter. Morphological, biochemical, and 16S rRNA sequencing analysis identified the strain as Leuconostoc mesenteroides. A sequential statistical methodology comprising of Plackett-Burman and response surface methodology (RSM) were applied to enhance the fermentative production of dextran. A quadratic polynomial equation suggested by the RSM model was then validated experientially. The predicted yield by model was 60.73 g/L. Experimental verification of the model resulted in 60.30 g/L dextran. The experimental values were found to be very close to the predicted values and hence, the model was successfully validated. Simple basal medium gave 7.83 g/L dextran. Thus dextran production was increased by 7.70 fold over the unoptimized basal medium using these statistical techniques. Structural characteristic of the dextran were determined by Fourier transform infrared, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques.

Making Sense of Sensor: An Update from Low-cost Air Quality Sensor for Air Quality Monitoring in Malaysia

Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir,Sawal Hamid Md Ali,Mohd Talib Latif,Soo Wei Khor,Haris Hafizal Abd Hamid,Utbah Rabuan,Zaki Khaslan 한국대기환경학회 2021 한국대기환경학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.10

Clean air is one of the most fundamental principles of life quality and well-being. Outdoor and indoor air pollutions both can contributes to human health problems. Conventionally, the methodologies adapted to measure indoor air pollutants are based on: (i) passive samplers, which require long sampling periods and/or (ii) continuous sampling, which generally are bulky and expensive, generating noise and vibration, preventing its deployment in many places at the same time, leading to a limited spatiotemporal coverage. In recent years, low-cost air pollution technologies have gained increasing interest and, consequently, have been studied widely by the scientific community for air pollutions monitoring. Thus, it is important that these new sensing technologies provide reliable data, with good precision and accuracy. Electrochemical (EC) sensors from AiRBOXSense were constructed to measure CO, NO₂, and O₃. Results showed that the sensors behaved highly linearly in laboratory experiments and had response times of around 0.5-1.6 min. In this study, a simple equation was used to translate the signal to mixing ratio and was calibrated by adding a correction in order to achieve the minimum difference against the gas standard. We found that with the added corrections such as the new sensitivity and offset to the quation with most of the pollutants were r² = 0.8 (p ˂ 0.01), the difference values between mixing ratio of EC sensor and gas standard became decreased. Furthermore, this equation is deployed together with the other calibration model which constructed using the machine learning to translate signal to mixing ratios in the field experiment. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the representatives of measurements in this result only showed during the conditions of this campaign. Thus, the use of low-cost sensing technology to monitor indoor air pollutions is encouraged, but not waiving the relevance of high quality instruments (mainly reference instruments) as reference.

Effect of Feed Protein Source on Digestion and Wool Production in Angora Rabbit

Bhatt, R.S.,Sawal, R.K.,Mahajan, A. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1999 Animal Bioscience Vol.12 No.7

Adult German cross $(German{\times}British{\times}Russian)$ angora rabbits (one year age), 32 in number were divided randomly into four groups $(T_1-T_4)$ with equal sex ratio and fed diets containing $T_1$ groundnut cake (GNC); $T_3$, soyaflakes (SF); $T_4$, sunflower cake (SFC) and $T_2$, a mixture of all the three cakes along with green forage as roughage for a period of 9 months. Nine per cent protein was added from each protein source. Fibre level was maintained by adjusting the level of rice phak in the diets. The diets were iso-nitrogenous and contained similar level of fibre. DMI through roughage was not affected due to source of protein in the diet, however, DMI through concentrate was higher $(p{\leq}0.05)$ with SFC diet, which resulted in higher total feed intake in the group $(T_4)$. Body weights increased up to second shearing, thereafter it decreased due to summer depression. Diet containing soyaflakes sustained higher wool yield whereas, it was lowest $(p{\leq}0.05)$ on SFC diet. Wool attributes (staple length, medullation, fibre diameter) were not affected due to source of protein in the diet. Digestibility of fibre and its fractions (ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose) decreased $(p{\leq}0.05)$ with incorporation of SFC in the diets. Balance of calcium was lowest whereas, that of nitrogen was highest with SFC diet $(T_4)$. Biological value of N and net protein utilization was better when different protein sources were mixed together $(T_2)$. Protein quality of soyaflakes proved better for wool production followed by groundnut cake and mixture of three protein sources. Sunflower cake alone or in combination decreased wool production which may be checked by supplementation of amino acids and energy.

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Tenacibaculum maritimum FOR AUTOGENOUS VACCINE DEVELOPMENT

Eng Khuan Seng,Nur Rafidah Bte Sawal 한국수산과학회 양식분과 2015 한국수산과학회 양식분과 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.5