西歐社會主義의 變遷過程에 대한 硏究

徐禧洙 釜山敎育大學 學生指導硏究所 1983 學生指導硏究 Vol.4 No.-

북한사회주의체제의 구조적 모순

서희수 부산교육대학교 초등교육연구소 1995 초등교육연구 Vol.6 No.-

The economy of North Korea has continyed to deteriorrate throughout the recent years. The rate of economic growth has fallen minus ffrowth snce 1990. Food Processign, light industry, and heavy industry have fallen to no small extent. More than 70% of the populatin now lives below the poverty line. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the contradictions and problems which North Korea is confronter With the worsening severs stagnation and the lack of institutuios and experience of engaging in adverse economic difficulty. It is safe to conclude that due to the continuing ruling of "the sole chieftain", "CHUCHE doctrinism", socialist controlling and planning economy system including gross mismanagement of North Korea industry and agriculture "Soxio-political life integration" and impossibility of economic reformand social opening to the world, the North Korean socialist system has been significantly adversely disintegrated. In order to implement a viable plicy towards North Korea Which Will be able to unify South and North Korea, plicy towards north Korea Which will be able to unify South and North Korea, pllicy makers must understand the implications of contradictions and problems of North Korea. The search for a mechanism of the reform and opening which can appeal to a wide range of people and elites in north Kores is especially difficult because it necssarily involves political and ideological connotation. The above-statement is unique to North Korea. In this paper, I have tried to present some, though not all, of the most important political and economic contradictions of North Korean Socialist system. Ultimately, it Will be up to the government to decide which policy towards North Korea to use.

蘇聯官僚制의 構造 및 機能에 관한 硏究

서희수 釜山敎育大學 1986 부산교육대학 논문집 Vol.22 No.1

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the Soviet Party-State Bureaucracy which constitutes helful tools for anatomizing the essence of the Soviet Political System, especially focusing on the Structure and function. Three approaches to this study are introduced:i.e. the historical-cultural approach, the modernization or developmental approach, and the bureaucratic approach. But this curiter used the bureaucratic approach much more than the other approaches. The meaning of bureaucracy has been so widely used in many aspects that it seems vague in terminology itself. In Soviet Case, The Party-State was characterized by a concentration of power at the very top of the bureaucratic Structure and a deconcentration and disffusion of power at its lower and intermediate levels. Only at the very bottom did the power reappear as a unified forcein regard to rank-and-file citizens. This thesis comprises six chapters: In chapter Ⅰ, the purpose, methods and scope of this research and introduced. In chapter Ⅱ, the writer, explained and described the concept of bureaucracy and the chan ging mode of the Soviet Party-State bureaucracy in industrialized Society after reviewed from classical bureaucratic theories and Max Weber's model to the contemporary ones. In chapter Ⅲ, the concepts of the Party-State bureaucracy are classified into three dimensions: i.e. the Structural Characteristics, the Principles of the Party appraters and the State-administrative institutions. In chapter Ⅳ, the functions of the Party-State bureaucracy are analyzed and evaluated in three aspects: Policy-making and policy-implementation, political recruitment and Political socialization and communication between top leadeshrip and People. In chapter Ⅴ, the writer analyzed the problems of the Party-State bureaucracy as following: conflict and similarity between Red(idcology) and Expect(technology), and dysfunction(malfunction) in the party-State bureaucracy. And the prospects of the Prtay-State bureaucracy. In chapter Ⅵ, the writer looks over and anticipates as an outlook. In conclusion, there is no denying that although there has been some Symtoms of changes in bureaucracy, there will be no fundamental changes of the regime itself.

北韓의 權力엘리트充員에 關한 硏究

徐禧洙 釜山敎育大學 學生指導硏究所 1984 學生指導硏究 Vol.5 No.-

This dissertation is an attempt to analyze. The power elites recruitment in the North Korean power structure which has an attribute to overthrow South Korea and mate it communistic. The fact we never fail to acknowledge is that North Korean Political power is perfectly founded on the cloced society which denies all the influences of the outer world. This is the reason why if the closed society collapses the Power itself falls down as well. Accordingly this author intends to analyses those as follows, what kind of persons occupies the important positions and are recruited as the ruling class in North Korea?; How and where are they educated and trained?; Through which organization and institutions are they recruited and promoted?; what role does the Workers' Party play? This author thinks that the above mentioned questions have to be investigated. In undertaking this task, the author analyzed in part Ⅱ, how communist palitical systems recruit the power elites and how the party apparatus function in appointing and promototing the party members in the hierarchy of power structure. In part Ⅲ, the party apparatus and governmental structure are illustrated. Especially after the Six Congress, a shift in generation of the power structure of the Korean Workers' Party was analyzed as follows. First, attention was focused on how the status of heir-apparent Kim Jong-il in the party hierarchy was determined. Second, those who belonged to the first generation of revolutionaries made room for new faces. Third, Political power is now shared among the revolutionary generation, party and technical bureaucrats and the generation of Kim Jong-il. In part Ⅳ, a concrete process recruiting elites has been investigated to examine how formal institutions such as schools, groups and the party have functioned to train and educated the North Korean youngsters. In conclusion, in the aftermath of the Six Party Congress the unprecedentied monolithic one-man-dictatorship and the hereditary succession possibility based on nepotism are evaluated as major characteristics of the North Korean power elite structure and recruitment. This writer can point out that the criteria of ascriptiveness nepotism and rigidity in choosing power elites of the North Korean. power structure will be more thoroughy adopted than those of openess, ability and accomplishment for the time being. On the other hand the North Korean Political System will be confronted with strong pressures that ought to be recruited according to the abilities and accomplishments of elites.

北韓의 開放化 要因 分析

徐禧洙 釜山敎育大學 1988 부산교육대학 논문집 Vol.24 No.1

1. This paper attempts to analyse the factors of the North Korea's opening to the foreign countries including the South Korea. Needless to say, the North Korea has been a closed society for Nearly forty years that can not be compared with any other countries. If it is true that the North Korea is an ideology (Chu, Chae) in Power, it follows that the contradiction between 'ideological and national interests is more apparent than real. The reconciliation of the apparent contradiction has to be provided by the opening to foreign intercourse. 2. The Changing phase of the Communist Countries seems to be more apparent than we expected. Eastern Europe especially Hungry and Yugoslavia have changed one the primarily Free market system and partially private owership and foreign captial investment. The North Korea will be forced to change her system and open her to the foreign intercourse. A few Korean enterprises have advanced into communist regions as a result of efforts by both the government and private businesses to intensify economic cooperation with communist countries. The govenment has been engaging in negotiations with the Soviet Union, Poland and Bulgaria on the opening of trade offices. Now, Korea has opened trade offices in Hungary and Yugoslavia, and the two European Communist cuntries are operating trade offices in Seoul. The Korean and Chinese sides also agreed to open trade offices in each other's countries when an economic mission from China visited seoul. The above-mentioned efforts by Korea will make the North Korea change her ideological rigid attitude toward korea. The United States and Japan are also expected to take some modest but symbolically important steps toward opening diplomatic and trade contacts with North Korea. South Korea has been pressing the United states and Japan to do Something to help draw the North out of her isolation. Opening factors in the domestic circumstances of the North are estimated as follows : succession of Power, Problems of Economic difficulties, estimation of military threat, change of perception toward the south and limitation of Unification strategy. Furthermore, the South Korea has endeavoured to have talks between south and North, by south Korea's positive concessions to North Korean demands. The South Korean approach has to be directed not only in the interests of the South but also in the interests of the North. North Korea's isolation from the rest of the world may well face a crisis of losing international suppord including her allies and continue to retrogress into the past. We hope that the North Korea can realize how devastating her isolation and conventional claim will be to both her practical interests and foreign relations.

영어 부가의문문의 통어적 기저구조

윤희백 釜山敎育大學 1987 부산교육대학 논문집 Vol.23 No.1

The two types of syntactic deep structure models have often been brought up in literature on Tag Questions : Klima's(1964) model and Stckwell et al.'s (1973) models. In Klima's model, Tag Questions are derived from a simple sentence, an interrogative, and in Stockwell et al. from a complex sentence. To my mind the complex deep structure model seems more convincing; this kind of view is also often found in more recent studies when these theories are discussed. The reason often given is that it seems strange that a sentence should have a deep structure which does not express the same thing as the surface structure. I suggest a derivation of Tag Questions from two sentences in the deep structure instead of from one sentence as in Stockwell et al.'s analysis, where the tag is derived from an ADVERBIAL. Each of the two sentences result in one of the two parts, the statement and the tag, of the urface structure of Tag Question. I find a derivation from two sentences more Plauusible, considering that it is the syntax of the Tag Question that expresses that the speaker has more than one intention with the proposition. In ordinary sentences the speaker usually expresses only one intention, unless there is also one expressed through prosody. The intentions are expressed simultaneously in a reversed polarity Tag Question and are, for example, that the speaker wants to state that the proposition is true and ask if it is true, in the same way as when one of these intentions is expressed by syntax and one by prosody, as is the case in the declarative with rise for question. The intentions expressed in Tag Question are also intended to be interpreted as simultaneous and are in the speaker's mind before he utters Tag Question, in contrast with the case when the tag is an afterthought and in contrast with other co-ordinate clause. From the viewpoint of children's use of Tag Questions, it is not the complicated structure of the reversed polarity tag question which prevents the child from using them, and the fact that children use the constant polarity tag question before they use the reversed polarity tag question does not have to mean that the reversed polarity tag question has to be developed from the constant polarity tag question. It seems plausible that the reversed polarity tag question was preceded by the declarative with question tone from a study of historical aspects.

치아재식후 치유과정에서 fibronectin의 분포에 관한 면?조직화학적 연구

한휘철,김현수,주성숙,신제원 慶熙大學校 齒科大學 1995 慶熙齒大論文集 Vol.17 No.2

Periodontalhealing requires the formation of new periodontal tissues comprised of various extracellular components. The present study investigated the formation and distribution of the fibronectin FN), a major adhesive glycoprotein. Rats weighing 130`150 gm were fed 0.4% R -aminopropionitrile for 5 days to achieve gentle tooth extraction. The maxillary first molars were extracted under anesthesia with pentobarbital, washed in sterile distilled water, treated with bacterial collagenase to digest collagen fibers on the root surfaces. After washing in water overnight, the mesial root surfaces were demineralized by application of citric acid, washed, dried and stored at 4 t. Immediately after tooth extraction and bleeding control, the treated molars extracted previously from other rats were reimplanted. Ten animals each were sacrificed 45 min, 1, 3, 6, 10 days after reimplantation of teeth by intracardiac perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde. The replanted molars and surrounding tissues were cut, demineralized, dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. Imrnunostaining of the FN was achieved by the avidin-biotin complex method. The results as follows; 1. The control group showed gradual healing from 1 day and complete regeneration of the periodontium at 10 days. 2. At early healing stage, intense staining for FN was observed in the newly formed connective tissues, granulation tissue, especially around blood vessels as well as inflammatory cells. 3. At later healing stage, FN was expressed later in the periodontal ligament, cementum, osteoid, and newly formed connective tissue and its attachment site to the root surface. 4. Strong immunolabeling for FN was found in cementoblasts, osteoblasts, and new bone and cementum, which weaken staining was observed on the dentin and alveolar bone. 5. These results suggest that the healing after replantation is achieved through a series of cell differentiation and formation of FN.

非軍事적인 面에서 본 北韓의 軍事國家的 性格

徐禧洙 釜山敎育大學 1985 부산교육대학 논문집 Vol.21 No.1

The aim of this dissertation is to define the character of the North Korea regime. North Korea is characterized by "the Military State" or "Militarized State" that has attached more importance to the military sphere (accumultion of armament) than any other one since its regime establishment in 1948. It is undeniable taht we don't recognize distinctly the basic character of North Korea of which character is "Military State". In order to attain the above-mentioned statement this writer analyzed respectively the North Korean politics, economy, society and education. This analysis is to conclude that North Korea has endeavoured to make it wholly "military politics, military economy, military society and military education." This theme is made up of Part Ⅰ∼Part Ⅵ. In Part Ⅱ, the writer argued the relation between politics (the party) and military. Generally it is understood that in the Communist countries the military has been subordinated to the politics from the Bolshevik Revolution. And that the North Korean regime was established by the Stalin's Policy of war. In the Labor party's statutes and Socialism Constitution, it is proclaimed that the military forces is the forces of the Labor Party. Those regulation's means that politics (the party) and military are inseparbly related and party controls over military through organizing the many levels of the party apparatuses in the military organization so called "the military-party committee". The Labor party has taken advantage of the military a tool to perform the party's goals. From the beginning the North Korean's military was not established for national defense but for the socialistization of North including South Korea namely for the emancipation from the American imperialism. In part Ⅲ, this writer argued the relation between economy and military. North Korea as the other communist countries regards heavy-chemical industry important rather than consumer-goods production. The North Korean's goverment institution (administration) under the strict control of the party has been composed of many economic departments liked with installation and build-up of munition factories. Most of the National economy is allocated for the military-expenditure compared with consumer-goods production. The considerable number of munition factories was bult and located in the deep mountains and under subway. The enormous spending on the military budget now causes constraint on the National economy. So we can call the North Korean economy the militarized economy, closely with the true departments linked. In part Ⅳ, this writer argued the relation between society(social system) and military. In a word we can define North Korea is thoroughly controlled and mobilized society without a similar example in the world. The North Korean society is well organized ideologically, structurally and psychologically by means of coercive thought education and class policy. All the people including laborers, peasants and even students are now organized as the members quasiarmy organization for example such as "Labor and farmers vanguard" and "guard group", etc. These organizations can be immediately mobilized into regular army when war occurs. In part Ⅴ, this writer argued the relation between education and military. The educational purpose of communist countries is to moulder human-beings communistic human-beings who are compelled to follow and to act-react what the party orders and gives direction. All the strata of schools have no their autonomy and decision-making function. Thus education is also far from original nature of education and has degraded to a means of the politics. All the students of universities and high-middle schools are systematically organized into "the Student Military training" and "the Red Youth Royal Guard Corps" under the school-party committee. North Korea organized every sorts of schools so as to mobilize and recruit the students in the army in wartime without hesitation. First of all we have to define the character of the North Korea's gymnastics which is now called "National Gymnastics". In the North Korea athletic sports are regarded as one of military training. All the people involved the students from primary school to universities are forced to participate in "National Gymnastics" without holidays. In the event the goal of the North Korea education is forcused on beeding militarized struggling students. In condusion of part Ⅳ, the writer is convinced that through the above analysis North Korea should be characterized by the "Militarized State." As far as North Korea doesn't give up its political goal, communization of South Korea, its military character never weaken. But of course we never suspend to exert ourselves to weaken the North Korean's militarized character and to secure and maintain the peace in the Korean peninsular.

北方政策과 北韓의 對應

徐禧洙 釜山敎育大學 1990 부산교육대학 논문집 Vol.26 No.1

Ⅰ. Preface How the policy toward the northern countries and the unification policy are to be harmonized is the most problematic thing because the two things are in conflict with and contrary to each other. The aim of this study is to raise the point at issue in promoting the policy and to extract the influences upon North Korea. Ⅱ. The concept of the policy toward northern countries 1. meaning The northern countries are referred to the ones located geographically toward he north from the starting point of Korea The Soviet Union, China, Eastern Communistic Countries and North Korea are to be included in the northern countries. The policy toward the northern countries is regarded as the policies of progressive, substantial, diplomatic and furthering policy 2. goals ) The settlement of peace and foundation formation of peaceful unification in the korean peninsula. ) Pursuit of profit by economic advance and cultural exchange with the socialist countries and North Korea. ) Establishment of diplomatic relations and normalization with socialist countries. Ⅲ. Approaches to the policy toward northern countries 1.Croee-recongnition of the South and North Korea by the Four Powers. This assumption is that the recognitions of South Korea by the Soviet Unio and China, and the recongnition of North Korea by the U.S and Japa will be able to guarantee the peace of the korean peninsula. The theoretical background of the cross-recongnition stemmed from mutua recongnition, tension relaxation and peaceful-coexistence principle regualtin the relations among the powers. 2. A single and simultaneous admission to the United Nations. As South and North Korea acquire mutually equal position under the U.N. the confronting relation of the South and North Korea can be transferre to compromise and co-existence 3.Nonaggression-gurantee treaty. The mutual nonaggression between the South and North Korea can restrai the armed invasion and the peace settlement of the Korean peninsula ca be guaranteed by internationally securing the nonaggression treaty. 4.Exchange/ opening and cooperation Though the economic exchanges with China, the Soviet Union and the Eas European Countries made considerable progress, the exchange with Nort Korea is a poor way. Ⅳ. The selection of North Korea to the policy toward Norther Countries. 1.Internal political and economic selection The various changes caused by the policy compels North Korea to selec the alternative among the many alternatives. Firstly, North Korea still adheres to the One-Korea policy and opposes th peaceful coexistence concept. Secondly, North Korea reorganizedthe role of the party, reshuffled th parthy's hierachy and remodelled economy management system. Thirdly, Zu-chae ideology has not been challenged yet. but Zu-chae, authority will be gradually weakened especially in th international affairs. 2.Diplomatic selection The new diplomatic policy of the Soviet Union and China that denies the communist ideology and pursues co-existence with the western countries will oblige North Korea to select a changed diplomatic policy. 3.A new selection in relations between South and North Korea. A gap of economic development between South and NorthKkorea was deepened day by day. South Korea has been making a progress positively the policy toward northern countries and succeeded in normalizing the diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. Accordingly, North Korea will seek a flexible manner to south and north talks. Ⅴ. The problems of the unification policy of North Korea. The first problems is that North Korea adheres to One-Korea policy as a result of it, North Korea has not recongnized the fact;there are the two substantial governments. The second problem is that North Korea has not regarded korea, as a nation with the sovereignty. North Korea still regards South Korea as a colony of America. The third problem is that North Korea has endeavoured to make a revolution base in South Korea and will continue this course. Ⅵ. Conclusion The policy toward northern countries is not the one to unifie immediately but to settle peace in the korean peninsula. North korea are confronted with conflicts and controversies, and stands at the crossroads in which North Korea has to select new inevitable alternatives.

蘇軍政과 北韓政權 樹立

徐禧洙 釜山敎育大學 1989 부산교육대학 논문집 Vol.25 No.1

Russian traditions in the far Eastern part, as presented by Soviet propaganda, are by no means confined to the Soviet rule over the territory of Czarist times. Soviet Russia has been strengthened by the territorial annexations. Which she carried out in the years 1939-1945. In the post-war period of 1945-1948, there has been the Soviet military government to establish "people's Republic" in North Korea as in the case of the Eastern Europe. The actions of the Soviet military government authority on the North Korean political scene have provided a great deal of clear evidence which North Korea would be made intentionallty "Sovietization" of North Korea. We still lack the factual information necessary and the history of Soviet military government policy. Neglect of this elementary fact and a willingness to accept the interpretations of the history solely from the pronounce-ments of North Korea leaders, and statements in the North Korea publications must be modified, reestimated and criticized. By the staying of the Soviet occupation forces in North Korea, the Soviet military government authority had intended to establish complete control system over the plan of sovietization of North Korea. The process of sovietization can be explained as following three stages. The first stage is "a genuine cooperation" in August, 1945 to January, 1946. The second stage is so called "a quasi-coalition" in February 1946 to the beginning of 1948. The last stage is one of single system establishment which was publicly proclaimed "The communist State" from February 1948 to September. All of first, the Soviet military authorities was so strong that it let ultimately to the foundation of a new nation so called "a temporary people's commissar". On the whole, the occupation forces handled a "temporary people's commissar" in the way that it could be led to the formation of the communist state. Even more important and difficult than the formation of "people's commissar" was the establishment of the communist party. Ever since the Soviet military government was established in 1945, the Soviet military government authority has tried to found the party system and consolidate Kim-il sung's position there by the support of Soviet military authority. Soviet support for Kim-il sung encouraged him to attain his strong position in spite of his inability. In the period of 1945-1948 in North Korea, there are more other famed names than Kim-il sung. After all the command of the Soviet Armed Forces enabled Kim-il sung to rule over the party organization. As communists, the Soviet leaders are interested in the establishment of a communist regime in North Korea, and they succeded in establishing the communist state as a satellite of the Soviet State.