Microcantilever biosensor: sensing platform, surface characterization and multiscale modeling

Chuin-Shan Chen,Shu Kuan,Tzu-Hsuan Chang,Chia-Ching Chou,Shu-Wei Chang,Long-Sun Huang 국제구조공학회 2011 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.8 No.1

The microcantilever (MCL) sensor is one of the most promising platforms for next-generation label-free biosensing applications. It outperforms conventional label-free detection methods in terms of portability and parallelization. In this paper, an overview of recent advances in our understanding of the coupling between biomolecular interactions and MCL responses is given. A dual compact optical MCL sensing platform was built to enable biosensing experiments both in gas-phase environments and in solutions. The thermal bimorph effect was found to be an effective nanomanipulator for the MCL platform calibration. The study of the alkanethiol self-assembly monolayer (SAM) chain length effect revealed that 1-octanethiol (C8H17SH) induced a larger deflection than that from 1-dodecanethiol (C12H25SH) in solutions. Using the clinically relevant biomarker Creactive protein (CRP), we revealed that the analytical sensitivity of the MCL reached a diagnostic level of 1~500 μg/ml within a 7% coefficient of variation. Using grazing incident x-ray diffractometer (GIXRD) analysis, we found that the gold surface was dominated by the (111) crystalline plane. Moreover, using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, we confirmed that the Au-S covalent bonds occurred in SAM adsorption whereas CRP molecular bindings occurred in protein analysis. First principles density functional theory (DFT) simulations were also used to examine biomolecular adsorption mechanisms. Multiscale modeling was then developed to connect the interactions at the molecular level with the MCL mechanical response. The alkanethiol SAM chain length effect in air was successfully predicted using the multiscale scheme.

Atomistic simulation and investigation of nanoindentation, contact pressure and nanohardness

Chen, Chuin-Shan,Wang, Chien-Kai,Chang, Shu-Wei Techno-Press 2008 Interaction and multiscale mechanics Vol.1 No.4

Atomistic simulation of nanoindentation with spherical indenters was carried out to study dislocation structures, mean contact pressure, and nanohardness of Au and Al thin films. Slip vectors and atomic stresses were used to characterize the dislocation processes. Two different characteristics were found in the induced dislocation structures: wide-spread slip activities in Al, and confined and intact structures in Au. For both samples, the mean contact pressure varied significantly during the early stages of indentation but reached a steady value soon after the first apparent load drop. This indicates that the nanohardness of Al and Au is not affected by the indentation depth for spherical indenters, even at the atomistic scale.

Microcantilever biosensor: sensing platform, surface characterization and multiscale modeling

Chen, Chuin-Shan,Kuan, Shu,Chang, Tzu-Hsuan,Chou, Chia-Ching,Chang, Shu-Wei,Huang, Long-Sun Techno-Press 2011 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.8 No.1

The microcantilever (MCL) sensor is one of the most promising platforms for next-generation label-free biosensing applications. It outperforms conventional label-free detection methods in terms of portability and parallelization. In this paper, an overview of recent advances in our understanding of the coupling between biomolecular interactions and MCL responses is given. A dual compact optical MCL sensing platform was built to enable biosensing experiments both in gas-phase environments and in solutions. The thermal bimorph effect was found to be an effective nanomanipulator for the MCL platform calibration. The study of the alkanethiol self-assembly monolayer (SAM) chain length effect revealed that 1-octanethiol ($C_8H_{17}SH$) induced a larger deflection than that from 1-dodecanethiol ($C_{12}H_{25}SH$) in solutions. Using the clinically relevant biomarker C-reactive protein (CRP), we revealed that the analytical sensitivity of the MCL reached a diagnostic level of $1{\sim}500{\mu}g/ml$ within a 7% coefficient of variation. Using grazing incident x-ray diffractometer (GIXRD) analysis, we found that the gold surface was dominated by the (111) crystalline plane. Moreover, using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, we confirmed that the Au-S covalent bonds occurred in SAM adsorption whereas CRP molecular bindings occurred in protein analysis. First principles density functional theory (DFT) simulations were also used to examine biomolecular adsorption mechanisms. Multiscale modeling was then developed to connect the interactions at the molecular level with the MCL mechanical response. The alkanethiol SAM chain length effect in air was successfully predicted using the multiscale scheme.

Influence of indenter shape on nanoindentation: an atomistic study

Lai, Chia-Wei,Chen, Chuin-Shan Techno-Press 2013 Interaction and multiscale mechanics Vol.6 No.3

The influence of indenter geometry on nanoindentation was studied using a static molecular dynamics simulation. Dislocation nucleation, dislocation locks, and dislocation movements during nanoindentation into Al (001) were studied. Spherical, rectangular, and Berkovich indenters were modeled to study the material behaviors and dislocation activities induced by their different shapes. We found that the elastic responses for the three cases agreed well with those predicted from elastic contact theory. Complicated stress fields were generated by the rectangular and Berkovich indenters, leading to a few uncommon nucleation and dislocation processes. The calculated mean critical resolved shear stresses for the Berkovich and rectangular indenters were lower than the theoretical strength. In the Berkovich indenter case, an amorphous region was observed directly below the indenter tip. In the rectangular indenter case, we observed that some dislocation loops nucleated on the plane. Furthermore, a prismatic loop originating from inside the material glided upward to create a mesa on the indenting surface. We observed an unusual softening phenomenon in the rectangular indenter case and proposed that heterogeneously nucleating dislocations are responsible for this.

Surface wettability and contact angle analysis by dissipative particle dynamics

Lin, Tzung-Han,Shih, Wen-Pin,Chen, Chuin-Shan Techno-Press 2012 Interaction and multiscale mechanics Vol.5 No.4

A dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulation was presented to analyze surface wettability and contact angles of a droplet on a solid platform. The many-body DPD, capable of modeling vapor-liquid coexistence, was used to resolve the vapor-liquid interface of a droplet. We found a constant density inside a droplet with a transition along the droplet boundary where the density decreased rapidly. The contact angle of a droplet was extracted from the isosurfaces of the density generated by the marching cube and a spline interpolation of 2D cutting planes of the isosurfaces. A wide range of contact angles from $55^{\circ}$ to $165^{\circ}$ predicted by the normalized parameter ($|A_{SL}|/B_{SL}$) were reported. Droplet with the parameters $|A_{SL}|>5.84B{_{SL}}^{0.297}$ was found to be hydrophilic. If $|A_{SL}|$ was much smaller than $5.84B{_{SL}}^{0.297}$, the droplet was found to be superhydrophobic.

Identification of crystal variants in shape-memory alloys using molecular dynamics simulations

Wu, Jo-Fan,Yang, Chia-Wei,Tsou, Nien-Ti,Chen, Chuin-Shan Techno-Press 2017 Coupled systems mechanics Vol.6 No.1

Shape-memory alloys (SMA) have interesting behaviors and important mechanical properties due to the solid-solid phase transformation. These phenomena are dominated by the evolution of microstructures. In recent years, the microstructures in SMAs have been studied extensively and modeled using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. However, it remains difficult to identify the crystal variants in the simulation results, which consist of large numbers of atoms. In the present work, a method is developed to identify the austenite phase and the monoclinic martensite crystal variants in MD results. The transformation matrix of each lattice is calculated to determine the corresponding crystal variant. Evolution of the volume fraction of the crystal variants and the microstructure in Ni-Ti SMAs under thermal and mechanical boundary conditions are examined. The method is validated by comparing MD-simulated interface normals with theoretical solutions. In addition, the results show that, in certain cases, the interatomic potential used in the current study leads to inconsistent monoclinic lattices compared with crystallographic theory. Thus, a specific modification is applied and the applicability of the potential is discussed.

Energy and force transition between atoms and continuum in quasicontinuum method

Chang, Shu-Wei,Liao, Ying-Pao,Huang, Chang-Wei,Chen, Chuin-Shan Techno-Press 2014 Interaction and multiscale mechanics Vol.7 No.1

We present a full energy and force formulation of the quasicontinuum method with non-local and local transition elements. Non-local transition elements are developed to transmit inhomogeneity from the atomistic to the continuum regions. Local transition elements are developed to resolve the mathematical mismatch between non-local atoms and the local continuum. The rationale behind these transition elements is provided by analyzing the energy and force transitions between atoms and continuum under the Cauchy-Born rule. We show that breakdown of the Cauchy-Born rule occurs for slaved atoms of local elements within the cutoff of non-local atoms. The inadequacy of the Cauchy-Born rule at the transition region naturally leads to the need of atomistic treatment of transition slaved and transition representative atoms. Such an atomistic treatment together with a full or cutoff sampling allows non-local transition elements containing these transition entities to transmit inhomogeneity. Different force formulations for transition representative atoms and pure local representative atoms allow the local transition elements to resolve non-local and local mismatches. The method presented herein is validated by force calculations in an unstressed perfect crystal as well as an unrelaxed grain boundary model. A nanoindentation simulation in 3D is conducted to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.

Identification of crystal variants in shape-memory alloys using molecular dynamics simulations

Wu, Jo-Fan,Yang, Chia-Wei,Tsou, Nien-Ti,Chen, Chuin-Shan 테크노프레스 2016 Multiscale and multiphysics mechanics Vol.1 No.3

Shape-memory alloys (SMA) have interesting behaviors and important mechanical properties due to the solid-solid phase transformation. These phenomena are dominated by the evolution of microstructures. In recent years, the microstructures in SMAs have been studied extensively and modeled using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. However, it remains difficult to identify the crystal variants in the simulation results, which consist of large numbers of atoms. In the present work, a method is developed to identify the austenite phase and the monoclinic martensite crystal variants in MD results. The transformation matrix of each lattice is calculated to determine the corresponding crystal variant. Evolution of the volume fraction of the crystal variants and the microstructure in Ni-Ti SMAs under thermal and mechanical boundary conditions are examined. The method is validated by comparing MD-simulated interface normals with theoretical solutions. In addition, the results show that, in certain cases, the interatomic potential used in the current study leads to inconsistent monoclinic lattices compared with crystallographic theory. Thus, a specific modification is applied and the applicability of the potential is discussed.