Effects of exercise training at lactate threshold and detraining for 12 weeks on body composition, aerobic performance, and stress related variables in obese women

박훈영,Sungho Kim,김윤호,Sangyun Park,남상석 한국운동영양학회 2019 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.23 No.3

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of diet plus exercise training and detraining for 12 weeks on body composition, aerobic performance, and stress-related variables in obese women. [Methods] Twenty-five women in their 20s-40s with 30% body fat and body mass indices above 25 kg/m2 were divided into HRLT (heart rate at lactate threshold) and HRLT + 5% groups. Dietary intervention of 70% recommended dietary allowance (RDA) and exercise treatment composed of aerobic exercises on a bicycle (30 min) and treadmill (30 min) were then performed. These interventions were performed three times a week for 12 weeks. [Results] Dietary intake was significantly decreased, while daily activity significantly increased within the 12-week intervention period, and this effect was sustained after 12 weeks of detraining. Exercise training based on dietary intake and daily activity presented a significantly decreased weight and % body fat, improvement of aerobic performance, and a significant increase in heart rate variability (HRV) (e.g., average of all RR intervals and the square root mean squared differences of successive RR intervals) as stress-related variables. It was also confirmed that the improvement of body composition and stress-related variables were maintained even after detraining. [Conclusion] Our results suggest that 70% RDA of dietary intervention and exercise training corresponding to HRLT and HRLT + 5% for 12 weeks were effective in improving body composition and aerobic performance, and relieving stress. In particular, enhanced HRV persisted for up to 12 weeks after the end of exercise training in obese women.

Living High Training Low가 육상 중,장거리 선수의 유산소성 운동능력 및 경기력에 미치는 영향

박훈영 ( Hun Young Park ),남상석 ( Sang Seok Nam ),최우혁 ( Woo Hyuk Choi ),선우섭 ( Oo Sub Sun ) 한국운동생리학회(구 한국운동과학회) 2011 운동과학 Vol.20 No.4

박훈영, 남상석, 최우혁, 선우 섭. Living High Training Low가 육상 중 · 장거리 선수의 유산소성 운동능력 및 경기력에 미치는 영향. 운동과학. 제20권 제4호. 425-440. 2011. 본 연구는 대학 및 고교 육상 중 · 장거리 선수 20명을 대상으로 Living Low Training Low(LLTL) 그룹(대조군)과 Living High Training Low(LHTL) 그룹(실험군)으로 나눈 후 1,000 m 고지에 3,000 m 상당고도의 저산소실을 설치한 후 4주 1일 16시간 이상 저산소실에 거주하고 700~1,330 m 고지에서 1일 4시간 이상 트레이닝을 실시하는 LHTL이 유산소성 운동능력, 골격근 산소화 농도, 심장기능 및 경기력 향상에 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) 모든 컨디셔닝 변인들에 대한 그룹 간 차이 및 이상소견이 나타나지 않아 본 연구의 트레이닝 형태가 바람직했다. 2) 혈중산소운반능력 및 철분농도에 있어서 두 그룹간 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 3) LT강도(16 km/hr) 장시간(60분) 트레드밀 운동 시 실험군은 대조군과 비교해 심박수, 산소섭취량 및 젖산이 낮게 나타나 LHTL이 running economy 효과를 나타냈다 4) LT강도(130 watt) 장시간(30분) 자전거 운동 시 대퇴 외측광근 산소화 농도에 있어서 실험군은 대조군과 비교해 O2Hb와 TOI는 증가 경향을, HHb는 감소 경향을 나타내 LHTL가 골격근 산소화 농도를 향상시키는 가능성이 제기되었다. 5) LT강도(130 watt) 장시간(30분) 자전거 운동 시 심장기능은 실험군이 대조군에 비해 HR은 낮게, SV는 높게 나타나 심장근의 산소이용능력이 향상되었다. 6) 경기력에 있어서 대조군과 실험군 모두 개선되었으나 실험군에서 보다 더 개선되는 경향을 나타냈다. Park, H. Y., Nam, S. S., Choi, W. H., Sunoo, S. Effects of 4 weeks living high training low (LHTL) on aerobic exercise capacity, concentration in oxygenated skeletal muscle, cardiac function and time trial in elite middle and long distance runners. Exercise Science. 20(4): 425-440, 2011. Effects of 4 weeks living high training low (LHTL) on aerobic exercise capacity, concentration in oxygenated skeletal muscle, cardiac function and time trial in elite middle and long distance runners. The purpose of this study was examine after 20 athletes of University and high school divided into Living Low Training Low (control) group and Living High Training Low (experimental) group, to effect LHTL that resided 3,000 m normobaric hypoxic chamber more than 16 hours per day, 4 weeks and trained at 700~1,330 m high ground more than 4 hours per day after equipped 3,000m normobaric hypoxic chamber at 1,000 m high ground on aerobic exercise capacity, oxygenated skeletal muscle concentration, cardiac function and performance. The results of this study were as followed: 1) Conditioning variables weren`t different between groups and abnormal results. So, training was desirable. 2) In oxygen transport capacity and blood concentration of Iron (whole body variables), there weren`t difference between groups. 3) In energy expenditure during intensity of LT (16 km/hr) long duration (60 min) treadmill exercise, LHTL group had lower heart rate, oxygen consumption and lactate concentration than LLTL group, so, we verified that LHTL presents effect of running economy. 4) In oxygenated concentration(local variables of vastus lateralis during intensity of LT (130 watt) long duration (30 min) bike exercise, LHTL group had a tendencies of increasing O2Hb and TOI, decreasing HHb than LLTL group, so, raised possibility that LHTL increases oxygen using capacity. 5) Cardiac function (local variables) during intensity of LT (130 watt) long duration (30 min) bike exercise, LHTL group had lower HR and higher SV than LLTL group. so, we verified that LHTL improves oxygen using capacity of cardiac muscle. 6) In performance, all groups had improved 3,000 m and 5,000 m time trial but more improved 3,000 m and 5,000 m time trial in LHTL group. Viewed in these results, we verified possibility of LHTL targeting athletes of University and high school in domestic 700~1,330 m high ground improved performance was caused by improved running economy and cardiac function in whole body and local long duration exercise.

2주간 서로 다른 저산소 환경에서의 간헐적인 트레이닝이 에너지대사와 골격근 산소화 농도에 미치는 영향

박훈영(Park, Hun-Young),선우섭(Sunoo, Sub),남상석(Nam, Sang-Seok) 한국체육과학회 2016 한국체육과학회지 Vol.25 No.3

This study was designed to examine the effect of 2weeks living low training high (LLTH) under 2,000 m and 3,000 m simulated hypoxic environments on exercise load, oxygen delivering capacity of the blood, energy metabolism, and skeletal muscle oxygenations. Twenty eight male college students participated in the study as subjects and divided into three groups such as control group (n=8), 2,000 m LLTH group (n=10) and 3,000 m LLTH group (n=10). They performed cycle exercise (30 min) and treadmill exercise (30 min) within 80%HRmax developed Miyashita on 1985. Exercise frequency was 1hour, 3days a week, 2weeks. At rest and during exercise, exercise load, Hb concentration, Hct, %SPO₂, VO₂, blood lactate level, △O₂Hb, △HHb, and TOI were measured before and after training (Pre and Post). As a result, 2weeks LLTH under 2,000 m and 3,000 m simulated hypoxic environments does not induced improvement on oxygen delivering capacity of the blood through Hb concentration and Hct. However, energy metabolism and skeletal muscle oxygenation have been improved by LLTH. These changes improve oxygen supply to muscle tissue, oxidative phosphorylation process in mitochondria, lactate tolerance of the blood, and exercise performance. Also, these physiological changes presented a similar pattern in the 2,000 m and 3,000 m LLTH groups. In later research, various studies need to the effect of LLTH under simulated hypoxic environments on various physiological variables and exercise performance.

고정형 및 혼합형 저산소 환경에서의 4주간 IHT(intermittent hypoxic training)가 혈중산소운반능력, 에너지대사 및 골격근 산소화 농도에 미치는 영향

박훈영(Park, Hun-Young),선우섭(Sunoo, Sub),남상석(Nam, Sang-Seok) 한국체육과학회 2016 한국체육과학회지 Vol.25 No.3

This study was designed to examine the effect of 4 weeks fixed and mixed intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) on exercise load, oxygen delivering capacity of the blood, energy metabolism, and skeletal muscle oxygenations. Thirty three male college students participated in the study as subjects and divided into three groups such as control group (n=11) performed training at sea-level, fixed IHT group (n=11) performed training at 16.5% O₂, and mixed IHT group (n=11) performed training at 14.5% O₂ (~2 weeks) and 16.5% O₂(~4 weeks). They performed cycle exercise (30 min) and treadmill exercise (30 min) within 80%HRmax developed Miyashita et al. on 1985. Exercise frequency was 1hour, 3days per a week, 4 weeks. At rest and during exercise, exercise load, Hb concentration, Hct, %SPO₂, VO₂, blood lactate level, △O₂Hb, △HHb, and TOI was measured before and after training (Pre and Post) in each groups. As a result, 4weeks fixed and mixed IHT does not induced improvement on oxygen delivering capacity of the blood through Hb concentration and Hct. However, exercise performance increased by fixed and mixed IHT through improvement of oxygen flux to muscle tissue, exercise economy, and lactate tolerance of the blood. Also, these physiological improvement appeared effective in mixed IHT compared with fixed IHT. In later research, various studies need to investigation of the effect to fixed and mixed IHT on oxygen flux, oxygen delivering capacity, lactate tolerance of the blood, exercise performance, and time trial in elite athletes.

평지 및 저압ㆍ저산소 환경에서 단기간의 간헐적인 수면노출과 유산소성 트레이닝이 유산소 운동능력과 적혈구 변형능력에 미치는 영향

박훈영(Park, Hun-Young),최상은(Choi, Sang-Eun),남상석(Nam Sang-Seok),이철현(Lee Chul-Hyun),김승환(Kim, Seung-Hwan),선우섭(Sunoo, Sub) 한국체육과학회 2011 한국체육과학회지 Vol.20 No.6

The study was designed to investigate the effect intermittent incremental hypobaric hypoxia sleep exposure and aerobic training on aerobic exercise capacity and erythrocyte deformability. The study was carried out with regular healthy male between 20~50 years age, and devided into two group such as sea level group(n=7), hypoxia group(n=8). Hypobaric hypoxia training(3,000m~5,500m simulated altitude) consisted of bike exercise(30min) and treadmill exercise(30min), sleeping carried out over 6 hours in 3,000m simulated altitude. Training and sleeping of sea level group carried out at sea level. Exercise intensity was 75%HRmax that developed Miyashita on 1985 and exercise duration was S days. With this research design, we studied the effects of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia training on aerobic exercise capacity and erythrocyte deformability. The main results of study were as follow: 1. Body weight, muscular mass, %body fat didn’t difference. 2, All variables (PWC75%HRmax, exercise lasting time until 75%HRmax, pred. VO₂-75%HRmax and VO₂max) of aerobic exercise capacity didn’t different by sea level and hypobaric hypoxia training in sea level and 5,000m simulated hypobaric hypoxia. 3. EImax and SS<SUP>½</SUP> that transformative ability of erythrocyte deformability showed no changes.

단기간의 간헐적인 평압·저산소 트레이닝이 유산소성 에너지대사와 골격근 산소화 농도에 미치는 영향

박훈영(Park, Hun-Young),선우섭(Sunoo, Sub),남상석(Nam, Sang-Seok) 한국체육과학회 2016 한국체육과학회지 Vol.25 No.3

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term intermittent normobaric hypoxic training on aerobic energy metabolism and skeletal muscle oxygenation. Nineteen male participated in the study as subjects and divided into two groups such as control group n=10) and experimental group(n=9). They performed cycle exercise(30 min) and treadmill exercise(30 min) within 80%HRmax developed Miyashita on 1985. Exercise frequency was 1hour, 3days a week, 2weeks. At rest and during exercise, exercise load, oxygen consumption(VO₂), arterial oxygen saturation(%SPO₂), blood lactate level, oxygenated hemoglobin(△O₂Hb), deoxygenated hemoglobin(△HHb), and tissue oxygenation index(TOI) were measured before and after training(Pre and Post). There was no significant interaction in the mean of cycle load and treadmill velocity, but cycle load and treadmill velocity increased significantly only after training in experimental group. %SPO₂ was not changed after training in control and experimental group, but increased significantly in experimental group compared with control group in Post. VO₂ presented a lower tendency in experimental group compared with control group in Post. Despite of exercise intensity was higher in experimental group, change of △O₂Hb to training presented a lower tendency in experimental group compared with control group. There were no significant differences in blood lactate level, △HHb, and TOI, in control and experimental group. We conclude that short-term intermittent normobaric hypoxic training improved exercise performance through increase of oxygen-Hb binding capacity and oxygen utilizing capacity such as exercise economy.

4주간의 고정형 및 혼합형 평압·저산소 트레이닝이 엘리트 태권도 선수의 혈중산소운반능력, 에너지대사 및 골격근 산소화 농도에 미치는 영향

박훈영(Park, Hun-Young),선우섭(Sunoo, Sub),김성호(Kim, Sung-Ho),남상석(Nam, Sang-Seok) 한국체육과학회 2016 한국체육과학회지 Vol.25 No.4

This study was designed to examine the effect of 4 weeks fixed and mixed intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) on exercise load, oxygen delivering capacity of the blood, energy metabolism, and skeletal muscle oxygenations. Elite Taekwondo athletes (n=25 out of 30) participated in the study as subjects and divided into three groups such as control group (n=8) performed training at sea-level, fixed hypoxic group (n=9) performed training at 16.5%O₂, and mixed hypoxic group (n=8) performed training at 14.5% O₂ (~2 weeks) and 16.5% O₂(~4 weeks). They performed cycle exercise (30 min) and treadmill exercise (30 min) within 80%HRmax developed Miyashita et al. on 1985. Exercise frequency was 1hour, 3days per a week, 4 weeks. At rest and during exercise, exercise load, Hb concentration, Hct, VO₂, blood lactate level, △ O₂Hb, △HHb, and TOI was measured before and after training (Pre and Post) in each groups. As a result, 4weeks fixed and mixed hypoxic training does not induced improvement on oxygen delivering capacity of the blood through Hb concentration and Hct. However, blood lactate concentration, △O₂Hb, △HHb, and TOI improved in mixed and fixed hypoxic training groups compared with control group. As a results, despite no difference on exercise load between three groups, VO₂ presented a lower increase in mixed and fixed hypoxic groups compared with control group. In other words, we confirmed that the increase of exercise economy in mixed and fixed hypoxic groups compared with control group. Also, the increase of exercise economy appeared most notably in mixed hypoxic training group.

평압·저산소 환경에서 2주간의 간헐적인 유산소성 트레이닝이 태권도 선수의 유산소성 에너지대사와 골격근 산소화 농도에 미치는 영향

박훈영(Park, Hun-Young),선우섭(Sunoo, Sub),남상석(Nam, Sang-Seok) 한국체육과학회 2016 한국체육과학회지 Vol.25 No.4

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 2weeks living low training high(LLTH) on exercise performance, aerobic energy metabolism, and skeletal muscle oxygenation. Eighteen Taekwondo players participated in the study as subjects and divided into two groups such as control group(n=9) and experimental group(n=9). They performed cycle exercise(30 min) and treadmill exercise(30 min) within 80%HRmax developed Miyashita on 1985. Exercise frequency was 1hour, 3days a week, 2weeks. During 30min bike exercise correspond to 80%HRmax, exercise load, oxygen consumption(VO₂), blood lactate level, oxygenated hemoglobin(△O₂Hb), deoxygenated hemoglobin(△ HHb), and tissue oxygenation index(TOI) were measured before and after training(Pre and Post). As a result, 2weeks LLTH induced improvement on oxygen utilizing capacity of the muscle tissue and blood lactate oxygenation capacity compared with control group. We conclude that 2weeks LLTH improved exercise performance through increase of oxygen utilizing capacity such as exercise economy and blood lactate oxygenation capacity in muscle tissue.

저산소 환경에서 단기간의 간헐적 트레이닝이 최대 하 운동 중 호흡계 대사 반응 및 혈액의 산ㆍ염기 반응에 미치는 영향

박훈영(Park, Hun-Young),선우섭(Sunoo, Sub),남상석(Nam, Sang-Seok) 한국체육과학회 2016 한국체육과학회지 Vol.25 No.5

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of 2 weeks intermittent normobaric hypoxic training at simulated 3,000 m on respiratory metabolic response and acid-base response during submaximal exercise. Male college students (n=18 out of 24) completed the treadmill and bicycle exercise training protocol in each environment. They were randomly assigned into training at sea-level (n=8, control group; C) and training at 14.5% O₂ corresponding to 3,000 m simulated altitude(n=10, experimental group; E). We compared their average load, time to reach steady state, respiratory metabolic response, and acid-base response of the capillary blood during 80% HRmax submaximal bicycle exercise before and after 2 weeks training. The training consisted of bicycle exercise (30 min) and treadmill exercise (30 min) within 80% HRmax. Exercise frequency was 1 hour, 3 days, per a week, and during 2 week. There was main effect between time average load during submaximal exercise and it was increased in all groups and time to reach steady state during exercise was no interaction and main effect. In respiratory metabolic response, there was main effect between time on blood lactate level and it was increased in E. Except blood lactate level, all variables was no significant interaction and main effect. In acid-base response, there was interaction effect on PO₂ and there were main effect on PCO₂ and pH. Results suggest that hypoxic training at 14.5% O₂ is effective in improving of PO₂ and improving tendency of respiratory metabolic response and acid-base response during submaximal exercise.

인공적인 고고도와 중고도 환경에서의 혼합형 저산소 트레이닝이 최대 하 운동 시 혈액가스에 미치는 영향

박훈영(Park, Hun-Young),선우섭(Sunoo, Sub),남상석(Nam, Sang-Seok) 한국체육과학회 2016 한국체육과학회지 Vol.25 No.5

The purpose of our study was investigated the effect of mixed hypoxic training on acid-base balance capacity during submaximal exercise. For purpose of our study, 33 male college students were randomly assigned into control group; training at sea-level during 4 weeks, fixed IHT group; training at 2,000 m simulated altitude during 4 weeks, and mixed IHT group; training at 3,000 m simulated altitude until 2 weeks and training 2,000 m simulated altitude since 3 weeks. We compared their exercise load, respiratory gas, blood lactate level, and blood gas during 80% HRmax submaximal bicycle exercise before and after 4 weeks training. The training consisted of bicycle exercise (30 min) and treadmill exercise (30 min) within 80% HRmax. Exercise frequency was 1 hour, 3 days per a week, and during 4 weeks. We obtained the follow results: First, the possibility of improving exercise performance was presented increase tendency at mixed IHT group. Second, CO₂ production through breathing and blood lactate level were presented increase tendency at fixed and mixed IHT group. Third, despite the increase in exercise load, mixed and fixed IHT group were showed a similar metabolic acidosis compared with control group. In conclusion, mixed IHT is effective on improvement of acid-base balance capacity compared with training at sea-level, but it is difficult to evaluate as effectively compared with fixed IHT method. In addition, we consider that acid-base balance capacity was improved by hypoxic ventilatory response through increase of CO2 production at mixed and fixed IHT group compared with control group. Therefore, we confirm that submaximal exercise performance was increased by improvement of acid-base balance capacity through fixed and mixed IHT.