북한 주민의 소비생활 변화와 함의

조성은 ( Cho¸ Sungeun ) 한국보건사회연구원 2021 보건복지포럼 Vol.298 No.-

2000년대 이후 북한 통치세력은 핵심적인 기업과 산업이라 할 수 있는 군수 산업, 중공업 부문은 국가가 직접 관리·통제하지만 경공업 부문 등 소비재 부문과 일부 물자 유통 시장은 시장에 맡기는 방식의 이중 구조화를 선택한 것으로 평가된다. ‘사회주의 경제건설’을 통해 전체 인민들에게 ‘문명한 생활’을 마련해 주겠다는 통치 전략에 기반하여 경공업 육성과 보건의료 부문의 현대화를 꾀하고 있다. 이에 의생활의 다양화 및 브랜드 형성, 가전제품과 핸드폰 사용의 증가, 교통수단 이용의 확대, 여가 활용을 위한 위락시설의 증가 등 주민들의 소비생활에서의 변화가 포착되고 있다. 그러나 북한의 시장화에서 파생된 소득의 불균형은 하위 계층들의 삶과 생활의 곤란으로 이어지며 노동의 상품화가 이뤄지고 있는 반면 상위 계층들은 합리적인 소비생활을 할 적당한 여가 문화와 휴식 공간을 갖고 있지 못한 것이 현실이다. 이러한 점을 고려할 때 향후 남북 교류·협력의 핵심은 단순한 인도주의적 지원을 넘어서 북한의 낙후된 지역의 종합적 개발, 북한 인적 자본의 향상과 같이 장기적이고 거시적인 측면에서 기획되고 추진되어야 한다. The North Korean government is regarded to have chosen, in and after the 2000s, a dual economic structure, leaving the consumer goods sector such as the light industry and material distribution to the market, while still maintaining its direct control over the military and heavy industry sectors. Also, in line with its governance strategy for furnishing all people with a “civilized living” by “building a socialist economy,” the North Korean government has attempted to foster the light industry and modernize the health care sector. Accordingly, changes have been observed in the consumer life of North Koreans, including the diversification of clothing style, the emergence of clothing brand names, the increase in the use of home appliances and mobile phones, the expansion of transportation use, and the increase of recreational facilities for leisure use. However, the trend of marketization in North Korea has led to increased income inequality and in turn has made life difficult for the lower classes whose labor is being commercialized. Meanwhile, the upper classes have no culture of leisure and find themselves unable to find places to take rest. Considering this situation, inter-Korean bridging and cooperation for the future needs to be planned and promoted from a long-term and macro perspective, seeking the wide-ranging development of North Korea's underdeveloped regions and the improvement of North Korean human capital, beyond simple humanitarian aid.

Notes on Ellipsis and Movement Asymmetries

Hee-Don Ahn,Sungeun Cho 한국언어학회 2015 언어 Vol.40 No.2

Ahn, Hee-Don & Cho, Sungeun. 2015. Notes on Ellipsis and Movement Asymmetries. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 40-2, 00-00, Movement and ellipsis have common features in both conceptual and empirical grounds. Conceptually, both movement and ellipsis share an operation “delete” and contain copies lacking phonological elements under the standard minimalistic treatments. Empirically, certain categories seem to undergo both ellipsis and movement, and may be subject to similar conditions. However, some categories can undergo only movement, but other categories can undergo only ellipsis. This paper aims to show that conditions on movement and ellipsis are not reducible to a single principle, and are subject to independent licensing principles in UG. We propose two overarching licensing conditions on movement and ellipsis; (i) only functional categories can license the ellipsis of their complements, (ii) movable categories should be phases. Given these conditions, our proposal can explain ellipsis and movement asymmetries in English. (Konkuk University & Yeungnam University)

Parallel Merge and Sideward Movement - Implications for Reconstruction Effects

Sungeun Cho 한국생성문법학회 2006 생성문법연구 Vol.16 No.4

Regarding across-the-board wh-questions, two kinds of interesting approaches have been made in recent years: Parallel Merge approach (Citko 2005) and Sideward Movement approach (Nunes 2002, Hornstein & Nunes 2002, Cho 2005 and others). According to Citko (2005), the construction is derived through Parallel Merge, which creates multi-dominant, symmetric structures that become antisymmetric in the course of the derivation. By contrast, Nunes (2001), Hornstein & Nunes (2002), Nunes (2004) and Cho (2005) propose that the constructions are derived through Sideward Movement. Under the assumption that Move is output of interaction of the independent operations, Copy, Merge, and Delete, sideward movement refers to merge the copy of α with a syntactic object K, which has been independently assembled and is unconnected to K. The parallel merge approach and sideward movement approach are different in at least one crucial respect. The former approach involves a single copy of the wh-pronouns. By contrast, the latter approach involves two copies. This difference has implications for symmetric or asymmetric reconstruction effects. This paper shows that the sideward movement approach assuming two copies of wh-phrases is on the right track in explaining both symmetric and asymmetric reconstruction effects.

Interpreting English Conjoined Wh-questions

Cho, Sungeun The Korean Association for the Study of English La 2002 영어학 Vol.2 No.2

English allows conjoined wh-questions to have two different readings. The English sentence Which person does John like and Mary admire\ulcorner involves ATB movement and is understood either as single questions requiring one set of individuals that are liked by John and admired by Mary (which person x, likes (j,x) & admires (m,x)) or as coordinated wh-questions, allowing distinct individuals that John likes and Mary admires (which person x, likes (j,x) & which person y, admires (m,y)). I argue this ambiguity is explained by the two key assumptions about wh-movement in Chomsky (1995): (1) Movement is copying. (2) wh-phrases consist of a wh-element and a nominal restrictor. This yields two possible LFs for English depending on whether [Wh+nominal] or wh alone is interpreted as a variable. It is therefore natural for me to propose that number of questions understood corresponds to the number of nominal segments at LF.

Possessor Agreement as Theta Feature Sharing

( Sungeun Cho ),( Wonbin Lee ) 한국언어정보학회 2003 언어와 정보 Vol.7 No.2

Korean displays an interesting construction (so-called possessor agreement construction), where a possessor nominal and its possessum nominal are marked with the same case as shown in the example Mary-ka John-ul tali-lul cha-ss-ta ‘Mary kicked John's leg’ More interestingly, not all possessors in possessive construction are marked the same case with its possessum as shorn in the ungrammatical sentence ^*Mary-ka John-ul cha-lul cha-ss-ta ‘Mary kicked John's car’. Hence, a simple but non-trivial question arises: In what situation are both possessors and possessums marked with the same case? In this paper, we advance three claims: (i) Possessor agreement appears in the situation where entailment is satisfied as follows: If Mary kicked John's leg, it entails that Mary kicked John, (ii) entailment in possessor agreement results from theta-feature sharing; specifically, the whole DP and the possessor DP share the same theta role, and (iii) Possessor nominals are marked with accusative (or nominative) case when they are assigned internal theta role from the predicate directly. (Sogang University)

Case, the EPP and Syntactic Markedness in the Locative Inversion Construction of English

Cho, Sungeun,Park, Myung-Kwan 서울대학교 어학연구소 2004 語學硏究 Vol.40 No.2

Focusing on locative inversion, this paper explores data which have the same propositional meaning but show differences in non-propositional ways. A particular concern of this study is the correlation between the presence (cr absence) of movement and interpretation. We propose that a movement operation can change the information structure of the moved element, advancing these following key points: (ⅰ) We have to allow for EPP-wise si rong and weak marking of Nominative NPs and argument PPs when Agree applies. (ⅱ) EPP-wise strong and weak marking of the Goal in the course of Agree operation yields different interpretations in the interpretive component. (ⅲ) In particular, strong Nominative Case-marked NPs which move to Spec of T are interpreted as either old or new information in the interpretive component while the weak ones which stay in their base-generated position are interpreted as new information. (ⅳ) Unlike strong Nominative NPs, strong PPs which move to Spec of T are interpreted as old information in the interpretive component while the weak ones which stay in-situ are interpreted as either old or new information.

Simultaneous Observations of H ₂ O and SiO Masers toward OH/IR Stars

Cho, Chi-Young,Cho, Se-Hyung,Kim, Sungeun,Kim, Jaeheon,Yoon, Dong-hwan,Hwang, Jihye American Astronomical Society 2017 The Astrophysical journal, Supplement series Vol.232 No.1

<P>We performed simultaneous observations of SiO v = 1, 2, (SiO)-Si-29 v = 0, J = 1-0, and H(2)O6(12) -> 5(23) maser lines toward 252 OH/IR stars using the individual 21 m telescopes of the Korean VLBI Network (KVN). The observations for studying SiO and H2O maser properties associated with the different evolutionary stages of OH/IR stars were carried out from 2011 November to 2012 July. Both H2O and SiO masers were detected from 50 sources with a detection rate of 20% in one epoch of observation. One-sided SiO maser emissions without H2O were detected from 108 sources and H2O maser emission was detected from 11 sources, of which the detection rates were 43% and 4%, respectively. The overall detection rate of the SiO maser was 63%, and that of the H2O maser was 24%. There were 65 new detections in the SiO maser lines, 22 new detections in the H2O maser line, and 4 new detections in the (SiO)-Si-29 maser line. For the H2O and/or SiO maser-detected sources, mutual relations between SiO and H2O maser properties (including peak and integrated antenna temperatures, and full widths at zero power, etc.) are investigated based on a statistical analysis. We also investigate these maser properties on an IRAS two-color diagram related to stellar evolutionary sequences. In particular, a large number of SiO v = 2-only detected sources appear among the SiO-only detected sources compared to those of both H2O and SiO maser detected sources and also appear in the later evolutionary stages of asymptotic giant branch AGB stars in the IRAS two-color diagram. These results may be associated with the development of a hot and thick dust envelope at later stages of AGB evolution and the different excitation conditions of SiO v = 1 and v = 2 masers. Our observational results will be useful for statistical studies of circumstellar envelopes of OH/IR stars related to their late evolution and future very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations.</P>

The Configuration of Non-verbal, Non-nominal Small Clause Structures in English

Sungeun Cho 한국언어학회 2006 언어 Vol.31 No.4

The Phase Impenetrability Condition and its Cross-linguistic Evidence

Sungeun Cho 한국생성문법학회 2002 생성문법연구 Vol.12 No.2

Within the framework of the Minimalist Program, a strong notion of cyclic derivation is expressed as a phase-impenetrability condition. According to the condition, operation such as Move and Agree cannot look into a strong phase below its head. Specifically, the head and its specs are visible for selection and movement. The aim of this paper is to account for cross-linguisic data which show movement restriction as consequences of the phase-impenetrability condition.

Notes on Non-Parallel Behavior between Nominals and Clauses

Sungeun Cho 현대문법학회 2018 현대문법연구 Vol.100 No.-

The seminal work such as Abney (1987) and Szabolcsi (1983, 1994) suggests that noun phrases have sentence-like structures. More specifically, noun phrases have functional categories analogous to I or C. The views raise the following question. How parallel are structures of clauses and noun phrases? In order to answer the question, we focus on interesting asymmetries which occur between nominal structures and clausal structures. More specifically, this paper explores restrictions on non-occurrence of so-called genitive markers previously discussed by An (2009, 2012, and 2014) and impossibility of movement inside the nominal domain. We also discuss further asymmetries related to quantifiers and adverbials which are not properly analyzed in the previous literature. We show that non-parallel behaviors are explained under the assumption that positions related to discourse are not available inside nominal domains.